Root/Documentation/s390/Debugging390.txt

1              
2                          Debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
3                           by
4        Denis Joseph Barrow (djbarrow@de.ibm.com,barrow_dj@yahoo.com)
5        Copyright (C) 2000-2001 IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, IBM Corporation
6                              Best viewed with fixed width fonts
7
8Overview of Document:
9=====================
10This document is intended to give a good overview of how to debug
11Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture. It isn't intended as a complete reference & not a
12tutorial on the fundamentals of C & assembly. It doesn't go into
13390 IO in any detail. It is intended to complement the documents in the
14reference section below & any other worthwhile references you get.
15
16It is intended like the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Reference Summary
17to be printed out & used as a quick cheat sheet self help style reference when
18problems occur.
19
20Contents
21========
22Register Set
23Address Spaces on Intel Linux
24Address Spaces on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
25The Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture Kernel Task Structure
26Register Usage & Stackframes on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
27A sample program with comments
28Compiling programs for debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
29Figuring out gcc compile errors
30Debugging Tools
31objdump
32strace
33Performance Debugging
34Debugging under VM
35s/390 & z/Architecture IO Overview
36Debugging IO on s/390 & z/Architecture under VM
37GDB on s/390 & z/Architecture
38Stack chaining in gdb by hand
39Examining core dumps
40ldd
41Debugging modules
42The proc file system
43Starting points for debugging scripting languages etc.
44Dumptool & Lcrash
45SysRq
46References
47Special Thanks
48
49Register Set
50============
51The current architectures have the following registers.
52 
5316 General propose registers, 32 bit on s/390 64 bit on z/Architecture, r0-r15 or gpr0-gpr15 used for arithmetic & addressing.
54
5516 Control registers, 32 bit on s/390 64 bit on z/Architecture, ( cr0-cr15 kernel usage only ) used for memory management,
56interrupt control,debugging control etc.
57
5816 Access registers ( ar0-ar15 ) 32 bit on s/390 & z/Architecture
59not used by normal programs but potentially could
60be used as temporary storage. Their main purpose is their 1 to 1
61association with general purpose registers and are used in
62the kernel for copying data between kernel & user address spaces.
63Access register 0 ( & access register 1 on z/Architecture ( needs 64 bit
64pointer ) ) is currently used by the pthread library as a pointer to
65the current running threads private area.
66
6716 64 bit floating point registers (fp0-fp15 ) IEEE & HFP floating
68point format compliant on G5 upwards & a Floating point control reg (FPC)
694 64 bit registers (fp0,fp2,fp4 & fp6) HFP only on older machines.
70Note:
71Linux (currently) always uses IEEE & emulates G5 IEEE format on older machines,
72( provided the kernel is configured for this ).
73
74
75The PSW is the most important register on the machine it
76is 64 bit on s/390 & 128 bit on z/Architecture & serves the roles of
77a program counter (pc), condition code register,memory space designator.
78In IBM standard notation I am counting bit 0 as the MSB.
79It has several advantages over a normal program counter
80in that you can change address translation & program counter
81in a single instruction. To change address translation,
82e.g. switching address translation off requires that you
83have a logical=physical mapping for the address you are
84currently running at.
85
86      Bit Value
87s/390 z/Architecture
880 0 Reserved ( must be 0 ) otherwise specification exception occurs.
89
901 1 Program Event Recording 1 PER enabled,
91          PER is used to facilitate debugging e.g. single stepping.
92
932-4 2-4 Reserved ( must be 0 ).
94
955 5 Dynamic address translation 1=DAT on.
96
976 6 Input/Output interrupt Mask
98
997 7 External interrupt Mask used primarily for interprocessor signalling &
100          clock interrupts.
101
1028-11 8-11 PSW Key used for complex memory protection mechanism not used under linux
103
10412 12 1 on s/390 0 on z/Architecture
105
10613 13 Machine Check Mask 1=enable machine check interrupts
107
10814 14 Wait State set this to 1 to stop the processor except for interrupts & give
109          time to other LPARS used in CPU idle in the kernel to increase overall
110          usage of processor resources.
111
11215 15 Problem state ( if set to 1 certain instructions are disabled )
113          all linux user programs run with this bit 1
114          ( useful info for debugging under VM ).
115
11616-17 16-17 Address Space Control
117
118          00 Primary Space Mode when DAT on
119          The linux kernel currently runs in this mode, CR1 is affiliated with
120              this mode & points to the primary segment table origin etc.
121
122          01 Access register mode this mode is used in functions to
123          copy data between kernel & user space.
124
125          10 Secondary space mode not used in linux however CR7 the
126          register affiliated with this mode is & this & normally
127          CR13=CR7 to allow us to copy data between kernel & user space.
128          We do this as follows:
129          We set ar2 to 0 to designate its
130          affiliated gpr ( gpr2 )to point to primary=kernel space.
131          We set ar4 to 1 to designate its
132          affiliated gpr ( gpr4 ) to point to secondary=home=user space
133          & then essentially do a memcopy(gpr2,gpr4,size) to
134          copy data between the address spaces, the reason we use home space for the
135          kernel & don't keep secondary space free is that code will not run in
136          secondary space.
137
138          11 Home Space Mode all user programs run in this mode.
139          it is affiliated with CR13.
140
14118-19 18-19 Condition codes (CC)
142
14320 20 Fixed point overflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event
144              occur ( normally 0 )
145
14621 21 Decimal overflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
147              ( normally 0 )
148
14922 22 Exponent underflow mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
150              ( normally 0 )
151
15223 23 Significance Mask if 1=FPU exceptions for this event occur
153              ( normally 0 )
154
15524-31 24-30 Reserved Must be 0.
156
157      31 Extended Addressing Mode
158      32 Basic Addressing Mode
159              Used to set addressing mode
160          PSW 31 PSW 32
161                0 0 24 bit
162                0 1 31 bit
163                1 1 64 bit
164
16532 1=31 bit addressing mode 0=24 bit addressing mode (for backward
166               compatibility), linux always runs with this bit set to 1
167
16833-64 Instruction address.
169      33-63 Reserved must be 0
170      64-127 Address
171               In 24 bits mode bits 64-103=0 bits 104-127 Address
172               In 31 bits mode bits 64-96=0 bits 97-127 Address
173               Note: unlike 31 bit mode on s/390 bit 96 must be zero
174           when loading the address with LPSWE otherwise a
175               specification exception occurs, LPSW is fully backward
176               compatible.
177       
178      
179Prefix Page(s)
180--------------
181This per cpu memory area is too intimately tied to the processor not to mention.
182It exists between the real addresses 0-4096 on s/390 & 0-8192 z/Architecture & is exchanged
183with a 1 page on s/390 or 2 pages on z/Architecture in absolute storage by the set
184prefix instruction in linux'es startup.
185This page is mapped to a different prefix for each processor in an SMP configuration
186( assuming the os designer is sane of course :-) ).
187Bytes 0-512 ( 200 hex ) on s/390 & 0-512,4096-4544,4604-5119 currently on z/Architecture
188are used by the processor itself for holding such information as exception indications &
189entry points for exceptions.
190Bytes after 0xc00 hex are used by linux for per processor globals on s/390 & z/Architecture
191( there is a gap on z/Architecture too currently between 0xc00 & 1000 which linux uses ).
192The closest thing to this on traditional architectures is the interrupt
193vector table. This is a good thing & does simplify some of the kernel coding
194however it means that we now cannot catch stray NULL pointers in the
195kernel without hard coded checks.
196
197
198
199Address Spaces on Intel Linux
200=============================
201
202The traditional Intel Linux is approximately mapped as follows forgive
203the ascii art.
2040xFFFFFFFF 4GB Himem *****************
205                                            * *
206                                            * Kernel Space *
207                                            * *
208                                            ***************** ****************
209User Space Himem (typically 0xC0000000 3GB )* User Stack * * *
210                            ***************** * *
211                        * Shared Libs * * Next Process *
212                                            ***************** * to *
213                        * * <== * Run * <==
214                        * User Program * * *
215                        * Data BSS * * *
216                                            * Text * * *
217                                 * Sections * * *
2180x00000000 ***************** ****************
219
220Now it is easy to see that on Intel it is quite easy to recognise a kernel address
221as being one greater than user space himem ( in this case 0xC0000000).
222& addresses of less than this are the ones in the current running program on this
223processor ( if an smp box ).
224If using the virtual machine ( VM ) as a debugger it is quite difficult to
225know which user process is running as the address space you are looking at
226could be from any process in the run queue.
227
228The limitation of Intels addressing technique is that the linux
229kernel uses a very simple real address to virtual addressing technique
230of Real Address=Virtual Address-User Space Himem.
231This means that on Intel the kernel linux can typically only address
232Himem=0xFFFFFFFF-0xC0000000=1GB & this is all the RAM these machines
233can typically use.
234They can lower User Himem to 2GB or lower & thus be
235able to use 2GB of RAM however this shrinks the maximum size
236of User Space from 3GB to 2GB they have a no win limit of 4GB unless
237they go to 64 Bit.
238
239
240On 390 our limitations & strengths make us slightly different.
241For backward compatibility we are only allowed use 31 bits (2GB)
242of our 32 bit addresses, however, we use entirely separate address
243spaces for the user & kernel.
244
245This means we can support 2GB of non Extended RAM on s/390, & more
246with the Extended memory management swap device &
247currently 4TB of physical memory currently on z/Architecture.
248
249
250Address Spaces on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
251==================================================
252
253Our addressing scheme is as follows
254
255
256Himem 0x7fffffff 2GB on s/390 ***************** ****************
257currently 0x3ffffffffff (2^42)-1 * User Stack * * *
258on z/Architecture. ***************** * *
259                         * Shared Libs * * *
260                                 ***************** * *
261                     * * * Kernel *
262                         * User Program * * *
263                         * Data BSS * * *
264                                 * Text * * *
265                         * Sections * * *
2660x00000000 ***************** ****************
267
268This also means that we need to look at the PSW problem state bit
269or the addressing mode to decide whether we are looking at
270user or kernel space.
271
272Virtual Addresses on s/390 & z/Architecture
273===========================================
274
275A virtual address on s/390 is made up of 3 parts
276The SX ( segment index, roughly corresponding to the PGD & PMD in linux terminology )
277being bits 1-11.
278The PX ( page index, corresponding to the page table entry (pte) in linux terminology )
279being bits 12-19.
280The remaining bits BX (the byte index are the offset in the page )
281i.e. bits 20 to 31.
282
283On z/Architecture in linux we currently make up an address from 4 parts.
284The region index bits (RX) 0-32 we currently use bits 22-32
285The segment index (SX) being bits 33-43
286The page index (PX) being bits 44-51
287The byte index (BX) being bits 52-63
288
289Notes:
2901) s/390 has no PMD so the PMD is really the PGD also.
291A lot of this stuff is defined in pgtable.h.
292
2932) Also seeing as s/390's page indexes are only 1k in size
294(bits 12-19 x 4 bytes per pte ) we use 1 ( page 4k )
295to make the best use of memory by updating 4 segment indices
296entries each time we mess with a PMD & use offsets
2970,1024,2048 & 3072 in this page as for our segment indexes.
298On z/Architecture our page indexes are now 2k in size
299( bits 12-19 x 8 bytes per pte ) we do a similar trick
300but only mess with 2 segment indices each time we mess with
301a PMD.
302
3033) As z/Architecture supports up to a massive 5-level page table lookup we
304can only use 3 currently on Linux ( as this is all the generic kernel
305currently supports ) however this may change in future
306this allows us to access ( according to my sums )
3074TB of virtual storage per process i.e.
3084096*512(PTES)*1024(PMDS)*2048(PGD) = 4398046511104 bytes,
309enough for another 2 or 3 of years I think :-).
310to do this we use a region-third-table designation type in
311our address space control registers.
312 
313
314The Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture Kernel Task Structure
315==========================================================
316Each process/thread under Linux for S390 has its own kernel task_struct
317defined in linux/include/linux/sched.h
318The S390 on initialisation & resuming of a process on a cpu sets
319the __LC_KERNEL_STACK variable in the spare prefix area for this cpu
320(which we use for per-processor globals).
321
322The kernel stack pointer is intimately tied with the task structure for
323each processor as follows.
324
325                      s/390
326            ************************
327            * 1 page kernel stack *
328        * ( 4K ) *
329            ************************
330            * 1 page task_struct *
331            * ( 4K ) *
3328K aligned ************************
333
334                 z/Architecture
335            ************************
336            * 2 page kernel stack *
337        * ( 8K ) *
338            ************************
339            * 2 page task_struct *
340            * ( 8K ) *
34116K aligned ************************
342
343What this means is that we don't need to dedicate any register or global variable
344to point to the current running process & can retrieve it with the following
345very simple construct for s/390 & one very similar for z/Architecture.
346
347static inline struct task_struct * get_current(void)
348{
349        struct task_struct *current;
350        __asm__("lhi %0,-8192\n\t"
351                "nr %0,15"
352                : "=r" (current) );
353        return current;
354}
355
356i.e. just anding the current kernel stack pointer with the mask -8192.
357Thankfully because Linux doesn't have support for nested IO interrupts
358& our devices have large buffers can survive interrupts being shut for
359short amounts of time we don't need a separate stack for interrupts.
360
361
362
363
364Register Usage & Stackframes on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
365=================================================================
366Overview:
367---------
368This is the code that gcc produces at the top & the bottom of
369each function. It usually is fairly consistent & similar from
370function to function & if you know its layout you can probably
371make some headway in finding the ultimate cause of a problem
372after a crash without a source level debugger.
373
374Note: To follow stackframes requires a knowledge of C or Pascal &
375limited knowledge of one assembly language.
376
377It should be noted that there are some differences between the
378s/390 & z/Architecture stack layouts as the z/Architecture stack layout didn't have
379to maintain compatibility with older linkage formats.
380
381Glossary:
382---------
383alloca:
384This is a built in compiler function for runtime allocation
385of extra space on the callers stack which is obviously freed
386up on function exit ( e.g. the caller may choose to allocate nothing
387of a buffer of 4k if required for temporary purposes ), it generates
388very efficient code ( a few cycles ) when compared to alternatives
389like malloc.
390
391automatics: These are local variables on the stack,
392i.e they aren't in registers & they aren't static.
393
394back-chain:
395This is a pointer to the stack pointer before entering a
396framed functions ( see frameless function ) prologue got by
397dereferencing the address of the current stack pointer,
398 i.e. got by accessing the 32 bit value at the stack pointers
399current location.
400
401base-pointer:
402This is a pointer to the back of the literal pool which
403is an area just behind each procedure used to store constants
404in each function.
405
406call-clobbered: The caller probably needs to save these registers if there
407is something of value in them, on the stack or elsewhere before making a
408call to another procedure so that it can restore it later.
409
410epilogue:
411The code generated by the compiler to return to the caller.
412
413frameless-function
414A frameless function in Linux for s390 & z/Architecture is one which doesn't
415need more than the register save area ( 96 bytes on s/390, 160 on z/Architecture )
416given to it by the caller.
417A frameless function never:
4181) Sets up a back chain.
4192) Calls alloca.
4203) Calls other normal functions
4214) Has automatics.
422
423GOT-pointer:
424This is a pointer to the global-offset-table in ELF
425( Executable Linkable Format, Linux'es most common executable format ),
426all globals & shared library objects are found using this pointer.
427
428lazy-binding
429ELF shared libraries are typically only loaded when routines in the shared
430library are actually first called at runtime. This is lazy binding.
431
432procedure-linkage-table
433This is a table found from the GOT which contains pointers to routines
434in other shared libraries which can't be called to by easier means.
435
436prologue:
437The code generated by the compiler to set up the stack frame.
438
439outgoing-args:
440This is extra area allocated on the stack of the calling function if the
441parameters for the callee's cannot all be put in registers, the same
442area can be reused by each function the caller calls.
443
444routine-descriptor:
445A COFF executable format based concept of a procedure reference
446actually being 8 bytes or more as opposed to a simple pointer to the routine.
447This is typically defined as follows
448Routine Descriptor offset 0=Pointer to Function
449Routine Descriptor offset 4=Pointer to Table of Contents
450The table of contents/TOC is roughly equivalent to a GOT pointer.
451& it means that shared libraries etc. can be shared between several
452environments each with their own TOC.
453
454 
455static-chain: This is used in nested functions a concept adopted from pascal
456by gcc not used in ansi C or C++ ( although quite useful ), basically it
457is a pointer used to reference local variables of enclosing functions.
458You might come across this stuff once or twice in your lifetime.
459
460e.g.
461The function below should return 11 though gcc may get upset & toss warnings
462about unused variables.
463int FunctionA(int a)
464{
465    int b;
466    FunctionC(int c)
467    {
468        b=c+1;
469    }
470    FunctionC(10);
471    return(b);
472}
473
474
475s/390 & z/Architecture Register usage
476=====================================
477r0 used by syscalls/assembly call-clobbered
478r1 used by syscalls/assembly call-clobbered
479r2 argument 0 / return value 0 call-clobbered
480r3 argument 1 / return value 1 (if long long) call-clobbered
481r4 argument 2 call-clobbered
482r5 argument 3 call-clobbered
483r6 argument 4 saved
484r7 pointer-to arguments 5 to ... saved
485r8 this & that saved
486r9 this & that saved
487r10 static-chain ( if nested function ) saved
488r11 frame-pointer ( if function used alloca ) saved
489r12 got-pointer saved
490r13 base-pointer saved
491r14 return-address saved
492r15 stack-pointer saved
493
494f0 argument 0 / return value ( float/double ) call-clobbered
495f2 argument 1 call-clobbered
496f4 z/Architecture argument 2 saved
497f6 z/Architecture argument 3 saved
498The remaining floating points
499f1,f3,f5 f7-f15 are call-clobbered.
500
501Notes:
502------
5031) The only requirement is that registers which are used
504by the callee are saved, e.g. the compiler is perfectly
505capable of using r11 for purposes other than a frame a
506frame pointer if a frame pointer is not needed.
5072) In functions with variable arguments e.g. printf the calling procedure
508is identical to one without variable arguments & the same number of
509parameters. However, the prologue of this function is somewhat more
510hairy owing to it having to move these parameters to the stack to
511get va_start, va_arg & va_end to work.
5123) Access registers are currently unused by gcc but are used in
513the kernel. Possibilities exist to use them at the moment for
514temporary storage but it isn't recommended.
5154) Only 4 of the floating point registers are used for
516parameter passing as older machines such as G3 only have only 4
517& it keeps the stack frame compatible with other compilers.
518However with IEEE floating point emulation under linux on the
519older machines you are free to use the other 12.
5205) A long long or double parameter cannot be have the
521first 4 bytes in a register & the second four bytes in the
522outgoing args area. It must be purely in the outgoing args
523area if crossing this boundary.
5246) Floating point parameters are mixed with outgoing args
525on the outgoing args area in the order the are passed in as parameters.
5267) Floating point arguments 2 & 3 are saved in the outgoing args area for
527z/Architecture
528
529
530Stack Frame Layout
531------------------
532s/390 z/Architecture
5330 0 back chain ( a 0 here signifies end of back chain )
5344 8 eos ( end of stack, not used on Linux for S390 used in other linkage formats )
5358 16 glue used in other s/390 linkage formats for saved routine descriptors etc.
53612 24 glue used in other s/390 linkage formats for saved routine descriptors etc.
53716 32 scratch area
53820 40 scratch area
53924 48 saved r6 of caller function
54028 56 saved r7 of caller function
54132 64 saved r8 of caller function
54236 72 saved r9 of caller function
54340 80 saved r10 of caller function
54444 88 saved r11 of caller function
54548 96 saved r12 of caller function
54652 104 saved r13 of caller function
54756 112 saved r14 of caller function
54860 120 saved r15 of caller function
54964 128 saved f4 of caller function
55072 132 saved f6 of caller function
55180 undefined
55296 160 outgoing args passed from caller to callee
55396+x 160+x possible stack alignment ( 8 bytes desirable )
55496+x+y 160+x+y alloca space of caller ( if used )
55596+x+y+z 160+x+y+z automatics of caller ( if used )
5560 back-chain
557
558A sample program with comments.
559===============================
560
561Comments on the function test
562-----------------------------
5631) It didn't need to set up a pointer to the constant pool gpr13 as it isn't used
564( :-( ).
5652) This is a frameless function & no stack is bought.
5663) The compiler was clever enough to recognise that it could return the
567value in r2 as well as use it for the passed in parameter ( :-) ).
5684) The basr ( branch relative & save ) trick works as follows the instruction
569has a special case with r0,r0 with some instruction operands is understood as
570the literal value 0, some risc architectures also do this ). So now
571we are branching to the next address & the address new program counter is
572in r13,so now we subtract the size of the function prologue we have executed
573+ the size of the literal pool to get to the top of the literal pool
5740040037c int test(int b)
575{ # Function prologue below
576  40037c: 90 de f0 34 stm %r13,%r14,52(%r15) # Save registers r13 & r14
577  400380: 0d d0 basr %r13,%r0 # Set up pointer to constant pool using
578  400382: a7 da ff fa ahi %r13,-6 # basr trick
579    return(5+b);
580                                                       # Huge main program
581  400386: a7 2a 00 05 ahi %r2,5 # add 5 to r2
582
583                                                           # Function epilogue below
584  40038a: 98 de f0 34 lm %r13,%r14,52(%r15) # restore registers r13 & 14
585  40038e: 07 fe br %r14 # return
586}
587
588Comments on the function main
589-----------------------------
5901) The compiler did this function optimally ( 8-) )
591
592Literal pool for main.
593400390: ff ff ff ec .long 0xffffffec
594main(int argc,char *argv[])
595{ # Function prologue below
596  400394: 90 bf f0 2c stm %r11,%r15,44(%r15) # Save necessary registers
597  400398: 18 0f lr %r0,%r15 # copy stack pointer to r0
598  40039a: a7 fa ff a0 ahi %r15,-96 # Make area for callee saving
599  40039e: 0d d0 basr %r13,%r0 # Set up r13 to point to
600  4003a0: a7 da ff f0 ahi %r13,-16 # literal pool
601  4003a4: 50 00 f0 00 st %r0,0(%r15) # Save backchain
602
603    return(test(5)); # Main Program Below
604  4003a8: 58 e0 d0 00 l %r14,0(%r13) # load relative address of test from
605                                   # literal pool
606  4003ac: a7 28 00 05 lhi %r2,5 # Set first parameter to 5
607  4003b0: 4d ee d0 00 bas %r14,0(%r14,%r13) # jump to test setting r14 as return
608                               # address using branch & save instruction.
609
610                               # Function Epilogue below
611  4003b4: 98 bf f0 8c lm %r11,%r15,140(%r15)# Restore necessary registers.
612  4003b8: 07 fe br %r14 # return to do program exit
613}
614
615
616Compiler updates
617----------------
618
619main(int argc,char *argv[])
620{
621  4004fc: 90 7f f0 1c stm %r7,%r15,28(%r15)
622  400500: a7 d5 00 04 bras %r13,400508 <main+0xc>
623  400504: 00 40 04 f4 .long 0x004004f4
624  # compiler now puts constant pool in code to so it saves an instruction
625  400508: 18 0f lr %r0,%r15
626  40050a: a7 fa ff a0 ahi %r15,-96
627  40050e: 50 00 f0 00 st %r0,0(%r15)
628    return(test(5));
629  400512: 58 10 d0 00 l %r1,0(%r13)
630  400516: a7 28 00 05 lhi %r2,5
631  40051a: 0d e1 basr %r14,%r1
632  # compiler adds 1 extra instruction to epilogue this is done to
633  # avoid processor pipeline stalls owing to data dependencies on g5 &
634  # above as register 14 in the old code was needed directly after being loaded
635  # by the lm %r11,%r15,140(%r15) for the br %14.
636  40051c: 58 40 f0 98 l %r4,152(%r15)
637  400520: 98 7f f0 7c lm %r7,%r15,124(%r15)
638  400524: 07 f4 br %r4
639}
640
641
642Hartmut ( our compiler developer ) also has been threatening to take out the
643stack backchain in optimised code as this also causes pipeline stalls, you
644have been warned.
645
64664 bit z/Architecture code disassembly
647--------------------------------------
648
649If you understand the stuff above you'll understand the stuff
650below too so I'll avoid repeating myself & just say that
651some of the instructions have g's on the end of them to indicate
652they are 64 bit & the stack offsets are a bigger,
653the only other difference you'll find between 32 & 64 bit is that
654we now use f4 & f6 for floating point arguments on 64 bit.
65500000000800005b0 <test>:
656int test(int b)
657{
658    return(5+b);
659    800005b0: a7 2a 00 05 ahi %r2,5
660    800005b4: b9 14 00 22 lgfr %r2,%r2 # downcast to integer
661    800005b8: 07 fe br %r14
662    800005ba: 07 07 bcr 0,%r7
663
664
665}
666
66700000000800005bc <main>:
668main(int argc,char *argv[])
669{
670    800005bc: eb bf f0 58 00 24 stmg %r11,%r15,88(%r15)
671    800005c2: b9 04 00 1f lgr %r1,%r15
672    800005c6: a7 fb ff 60 aghi %r15,-160
673    800005ca: e3 10 f0 00 00 24 stg %r1,0(%r15)
674    return(test(5));
675    800005d0: a7 29 00 05 lghi %r2,5
676    # brasl allows jumps > 64k & is overkill here bras would do fune
677    800005d4: c0 e5 ff ff ff ee brasl %r14,800005b0 <test>
678    800005da: e3 40 f1 10 00 04 lg %r4,272(%r15)
679    800005e0: eb bf f0 f8 00 04 lmg %r11,%r15,248(%r15)
680    800005e6: 07 f4 br %r4
681}
682
683
684
685Compiling programs for debugging on Linux for s/390 & z/Architecture
686====================================================================
687-gdwarf-2 now works it should be considered the default debugging
688format for s/390 & z/Architecture as it is more reliable for debugging
689shared libraries, normal -g debugging works much better now
690Thanks to the IBM java compiler developers bug reports.
691
692This is typically done adding/appending the flags -g or -gdwarf-2 to the
693CFLAGS & LDFLAGS variables Makefile of the program concerned.
694
695If using gdb & you would like accurate displays of registers &
696 stack traces compile without optimisation i.e make sure
697that there is no -O2 or similar on the CFLAGS line of the Makefile &
698the emitted gcc commands, obviously this will produce worse code
699( not advisable for shipment ) but it is an aid to the debugging process.
700
701This aids debugging because the compiler will copy parameters passed in
702in registers onto the stack so backtracing & looking at passed in
703parameters will work, however some larger programs which use inline functions
704will not compile without optimisation.
705
706Debugging with optimisation has since much improved after fixing
707some bugs, please make sure you are using gdb-5.0 or later developed
708after Nov'2000.
709
710Figuring out gcc compile errors
711===============================
712If you are getting a lot of syntax errors compiling a program & the problem
713isn't blatantly obvious from the source.
714It often helps to just preprocess the file, this is done with the -E
715option in gcc.
716What this does is that it runs through the very first phase of compilation
717( compilation in gcc is done in several stages & gcc calls many programs to
718achieve its end result ) with the -E option gcc just calls the gcc preprocessor (cpp).
719The c preprocessor does the following, it joins all the files #included together
720recursively ( #include files can #include other files ) & also the c file you wish to compile.
721It puts a fully qualified path of the #included files in a comment & it
722does macro expansion.
723This is useful for debugging because
7241) You can double check whether the files you expect to be included are the ones
725that are being included ( e.g. double check that you aren't going to the i386 asm directory ).
7262) Check that macro definitions aren't clashing with typedefs,
7273) Check that definitions aren't being used before they are being included.
7284) Helps put the line emitting the error under the microscope if it contains macros.
729
730For convenience the Linux kernel's makefile will do preprocessing automatically for you
731by suffixing the file you want built with .i ( instead of .o )
732
733e.g.
734from the linux directory type
735make arch/s390/kernel/signal.i
736this will build
737
738s390-gcc -D__KERNEL__ -I/home1/barrow/linux/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
739-fno-strict-aliasing -D__SMP__ -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -E arch/s390/kernel/signal.c
740> arch/s390/kernel/signal.i
741
742Now look at signal.i you should see something like.
743
744
745# 1 "/home1/barrow/linux/include/asm/types.h" 1
746typedef unsigned short umode_t;
747typedef __signed__ char __s8;
748typedef unsigned char __u8;
749typedef __signed__ short __s16;
750typedef unsigned short __u16;
751
752If instead you are getting errors further down e.g.
753unknown instruction:2515 "move.l" or better still unknown instruction:2515
754"Fixme not implemented yet, call Martin" you are probably are attempting to compile some code
755meant for another architecture or code that is simply not implemented, with a fixme statement
756stuck into the inline assembly code so that the author of the file now knows he has work to do.
757To look at the assembly emitted by gcc just before it is about to call gas ( the gnu assembler )
758use the -S option.
759Again for your convenience the Linux kernel's Makefile will hold your hand &
760do all this donkey work for you also by building the file with the .s suffix.
761e.g.
762from the Linux directory type
763make arch/s390/kernel/signal.s
764
765s390-gcc -D__KERNEL__ -I/home1/barrow/linux/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer
766-fno-strict-aliasing -D__SMP__ -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -S arch/s390/kernel/signal.c
767-o arch/s390/kernel/signal.s
768
769
770This will output something like, ( please note the constant pool & the useful comments
771in the prologue to give you a hand at interpreting it ).
772
773.LC54:
774    .string "misaligned (__u16 *) in __xchg\n"
775.LC57:
776    .string "misaligned (__u32 *) in __xchg\n"
777.L$PG1: # Pool sys_sigsuspend
778.LC192:
779    .long -262401
780.LC193:
781    .long -1
782.LC194:
783    .long schedule-.L$PG1
784.LC195:
785    .long do_signal-.L$PG1
786    .align 4
787.globl sys_sigsuspend
788    .type sys_sigsuspend,@function
789sys_sigsuspend:
790# leaf function 0
791# automatics 16
792# outgoing args 0
793# need frame pointer 0
794# call alloca 0
795# has varargs 0
796# incoming args (stack) 0
797# function length 168
798    STM 8,15,32(15)
799    LR 0,15
800    AHI 15,-112
801    BASR 13,0
802.L$CO1: AHI 13,.L$PG1-.L$CO1
803    ST 0,0(15)
804    LR 8,2
805    N 5,.LC192-.L$PG1(13)
806
807Adding -g to the above output makes the output even more useful
808e.g. typing
809make CC:="s390-gcc -g" kernel/sched.s
810
811which compiles.
812s390-gcc -g -D__KERNEL__ -I/home/barrow/linux-2.3/include -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -S kernel/sched.c -o kernel/sched.s
813
814also outputs stabs ( debugger ) info, from this info you can find out the
815offsets & sizes of various elements in structures.
816e.g. the stab for the structure
817struct rlimit {
818    unsigned long rlim_cur;
819    unsigned long rlim_max;
820};
821is
822.stabs "rlimit:T(151,2)=s8rlim_cur:(0,5),0,32;rlim_max:(0,5),32,32;;",128,0,0,0
823from this stab you can see that
824rlimit_cur starts at bit offset 0 & is 32 bits in size
825rlimit_max starts at bit offset 32 & is 32 bits in size.
826
827
828Debugging Tools:
829================
830
831objdump
832=======
833This is a tool with many options the most useful being ( if compiled with -g).
834objdump --source <victim program or object file> > <victims debug listing >
835
836
837The whole kernel can be compiled like this ( Doing this will make a 17MB kernel
838& a 200 MB listing ) however you have to strip it before building the image
839using the strip command to make it a more reasonable size to boot it.
840
841A source/assembly mixed dump of the kernel can be done with the line
842objdump --source vmlinux > vmlinux.lst
843Also, if the file isn't compiled -g, this will output as much debugging information
844as it can (e.g. function names). This is very slow as it spends lots
845of time searching for debugging info. The following self explanatory line should be used
846instead if the code isn't compiled -g, as it is much faster:
847objdump --disassemble-all --syms vmlinux > vmlinux.lst
848
849As hard drive space is valuable most of us use the following approach.
8501) Look at the emitted psw on the console to find the crash address in the kernel.
8512) Look at the file System.map ( in the linux directory ) produced when building
852the kernel to find the closest address less than the current PSW to find the
853offending function.
8543) use grep or similar to search the source tree looking for the source file
855 with this function if you don't know where it is.
8564) rebuild this object file with -g on, as an example suppose the file was
857( /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o )
8585) Assuming the file with the erroneous function is signal.c Move to the base of the
859Linux source tree.
8606) rm /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o
8617) make /arch/s390/kernel/signal.o
8628) watch the gcc command line emitted
8639) type it in again or alternatively cut & paste it on the console adding the -g option.
86410) objdump --source arch/s390/kernel/signal.o > signal.lst
865This will output the source & the assembly intermixed, as the snippet below shows
866This will unfortunately output addresses which aren't the same
867as the kernel ones you should be able to get around the mental arithmetic
868by playing with the --adjust-vma parameter to objdump.
869
870
871
872
873static inline void spin_lock(spinlock_t *lp)
874{
875      a0: 18 34 lr %r3,%r4
876      a2: a7 3a 03 bc ahi %r3,956
877        __asm__ __volatile(" lhi 1,-1\n"
878      a6: a7 18 ff ff lhi %r1,-1
879      aa: 1f 00 slr %r0,%r0
880      ac: ba 01 30 00 cs %r0,%r1,0(%r3)
881      b0: a7 44 ff fd jm aa <sys_sigsuspend+0x2e>
882        saveset = current->blocked;
883      b4: d2 07 f0 68 mvc 104(8,%r15),972(%r4)
884      b8: 43 cc
885        return (set->sig[0] & mask) != 0;
886}
887
8886) If debugging under VM go down to that section in the document for more info.
889
890
891I now have a tool which takes the pain out of --adjust-vma
892& you are able to do something like
893make /arch/s390/kernel/traps.lst
894& it automatically generates the correctly relocated entries for
895the text segment in traps.lst.
896This tool is now standard in linux distro's in scripts/makelst
897
898strace:
899-------
900Q. What is it ?
901A. It is a tool for intercepting calls to the kernel & logging them
902to a file & on the screen.
903
904Q. What use is it ?
905A. You can use it to find out what files a particular program opens.
906
907
908
909Example 1
910---------
911If you wanted to know does ping work but didn't have the source
912strace ping -c 1 127.0.0.1
913& then look at the man pages for each of the syscalls below,
914( In fact this is sometimes easier than looking at some spaghetti
915source which conditionally compiles for several architectures ).
916Not everything that it throws out needs to make sense immediately.
917
918Just looking quickly you can see that it is making up a RAW socket
919for the ICMP protocol.
920Doing an alarm(10) for a 10 second timeout
921& doing a gettimeofday call before & after each read to see
922how long the replies took, & writing some text to stdout so the user
923has an idea what is going on.
924
925socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP) = 3
926getuid() = 0
927setuid(0) = 0
928stat("/usr/share/locale/C/libc.cat", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
929stat("/usr/share/locale/libc/C", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
930stat("/usr/local/share/locale/C/libc.cat", 0xbffff134) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
931getpid() = 353
932setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, [1], 4) = 0
933setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, [49152], 4) = 0
934fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(3, 1), ...}) = 0
935mmap(0, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40008000
936ioctl(1, TCGETS, {B9600 opost isig icanon echo ...}) = 0
937write(1, "PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1): 56 d"..., 42PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
938) = 42
939sigaction(SIGINT, {0x8049ba0, [], SA_RESTART}, {SIG_DFL}) = 0
940sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}, {SIG_DFL}) = 0
941gettimeofday({948904719, 138951}, NULL) = 0
942sendto(3, "\10\0D\201a\1\0\0\17#\2178\307\36"..., 64, 0, {sin_family=AF_INET,
943sin_port=htons(0), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 64
944sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}) = 0
945sigaction(SIGALRM, {0x8049ba0, [], SA_RESTART}, {0x8049600, [], SA_RESTART}) = 0
946alarm(10) = 0
947recvfrom(3, "E\0\0T\0005\0\0@\1|r\177\0\0\1\177"..., 192, 0,
948{sin_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(50882), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 84
949gettimeofday({948904719, 160224}, NULL) = 0
950recvfrom(3, "E\0\0T\0006\0\0\377\1\275p\177\0"..., 192, 0,
951{sin_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(50882), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 84
952gettimeofday({948904719, 166952}, NULL) = 0
953write(1, "64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_se"...,
9545764 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=28.0 ms
955
956Example 2
957---------
958strace passwd 2>&1 | grep open
959produces the following output
960open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
961open("/opt/kde/lib/libc.so.5", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
962open("/lib/libc.so.5", O_RDONLY) = 3
963open("/dev", O_RDONLY) = 3
964open("/var/run/utmp", O_RDONLY) = 3
965open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY) = 3
966open("/etc/shadow", O_RDONLY) = 3
967open("/etc/login.defs", O_RDONLY) = 4
968open("/dev/tty", O_RDONLY) = 4
969
970The 2>&1 is done to redirect stderr to stdout & grep is then filtering this input
971through the pipe for each line containing the string open.
972
973
974Example 3
975---------
976Getting sophisticated
977telnetd crashes & I don't know why
978
979Steps
980-----
9811) Replace the following line in /etc/inetd.conf
982telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/in.telnetd -h
983with
984telnet stream tcp nowait root /blah
985
9862) Create the file /blah with the following contents to start tracing telnetd
987#!/bin/bash
988/usr/bin/strace -o/t1 -f /usr/sbin/in.telnetd -h
9893) chmod 700 /blah to make it executable only to root
9904)
991killall -HUP inetd
992or ps aux | grep inetd
993get inetd's process id
994& kill -HUP inetd to restart it.
995
996Important options
997-----------------
998-o is used to tell strace to output to a file in our case t1 in the root directory
999-f is to follow children i.e.
1000e.g in our case above telnetd will start the login process & subsequently a shell like bash.
1001You will be able to tell which is which from the process ID's listed on the left hand side
1002of the strace output.
1003-p<pid> will tell strace to attach to a running process, yup this can be done provided
1004 it isn't being traced or debugged already & you have enough privileges,
1005the reason 2 processes cannot trace or debug the same program is that strace
1006becomes the parent process of the one being debugged & processes ( unlike people )
1007can have only one parent.
1008
1009
1010However the file /t1 will get big quite quickly
1011to test it telnet 127.0.0.1
1012
1013now look at what files in.telnetd execve'd
1014413 execve("/usr/sbin/in.telnetd", ["/usr/sbin/in.telnetd", "-h"], [/* 17 vars */]) = 0
1015414 execve("/bin/login", ["/bin/login", "-h", "localhost", "-p"], [/* 2 vars */]) = 0
1016
1017Whey it worked!.
1018
1019
1020Other hints:
1021------------
1022If the program is not very interactive ( i.e. not much keyboard input )
1023& is crashing in one architecture but not in another you can do
1024an strace of both programs under as identical a scenario as you can
1025on both architectures outputting to a file then.
1026do a diff of the two traces using the diff program
1027i.e.
1028diff output1 output2
1029& maybe you'll be able to see where the call paths differed, this
1030is possibly near the cause of the crash.
1031
1032More info
1033---------
1034Look at man pages for strace & the various syscalls
1035e.g. man strace, man alarm, man socket.
1036
1037
1038Performance Debugging
1039=====================
1040gcc is capable of compiling in profiling code just add the -p option
1041to the CFLAGS, this obviously affects program size & performance.
1042This can be used by the gprof gnu profiling tool or the
1043gcov the gnu code coverage tool ( code coverage is a means of testing
1044code quality by checking if all the code in an executable in exercised by
1045a tester ).
1046
1047
1048Using top to find out where processes are sleeping in the kernel
1049----------------------------------------------------------------
1050To do this copy the System.map from the root directory where
1051the linux kernel was built to the /boot directory on your
1052linux machine.
1053Start top
1054Now type fU<return>
1055You should see a new field called WCHAN which
1056tells you where each process is sleeping here is a typical output.
1057 
1058 6:59pm up 41 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
105928 processes: 27 sleeping, 1 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
1060CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.1% system, 0.0% nice, 99.8% idle
1061Mem: 254900K av, 45976K used, 208924K free, 0K shrd, 28636K buff
1062Swap: 0K av, 0K used, 0K free 8620K cached
1063
1064  PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE WCHAN STAT LIB %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
1065  750 root 12 0 848 848 700 do_select S 0 0.1 0.3 0:00 in.telnetd
1066  767 root 16 0 1140 1140 964 R 0 0.1 0.4 0:00 top
1067    1 root 8 0 212 212 180 do_select S 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 init
1068    2 root 9 0 0 0 0 down_inte SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 kmcheck
1069
1070The time command
1071----------------
1072Another related command is the time command which gives you an indication
1073of where a process is spending the majority of its time.
1074e.g.
1075time ping -c 5 nc
1076outputs
1077real 0m4.054s
1078user 0m0.010s
1079sys 0m0.010s
1080
1081Debugging under VM
1082==================
1083
1084Notes
1085-----
1086Addresses & values in the VM debugger are always hex never decimal
1087Address ranges are of the format <HexValue1>-<HexValue2> or <HexValue1>.<HexValue2>
1088e.g. The address range 0x2000 to 0x3000 can be described as 2000-3000 or 2000.1000
1089
1090The VM Debugger is case insensitive.
1091
1092VM's strengths are usually other debuggers weaknesses you can get at any resource
1093no matter how sensitive e.g. memory management resources,change address translation
1094in the PSW. For kernel hacking you will reap dividends if you get good at it.
1095
1096The VM Debugger displays operators but not operands, probably because some
1097of it was written when memory was expensive & the programmer was probably proud that
1098it fitted into 2k of memory & the programmers & didn't want to shock hardcore VM'ers by
1099changing the interface :-), also the debugger displays useful information on the same line &
1100the author of the code probably felt that it was a good idea not to go over
1101the 80 columns on the screen.
1102
1103As some of you are probably in a panic now this isn't as unintuitive as it may seem
1104as the 390 instructions are easy to decode mentally & you can make a good guess at a lot
1105of them as all the operands are nibble ( half byte aligned ) & if you have an objdump listing
1106also it is quite easy to follow, if you don't have an objdump listing keep a copy of
1107the s/390 Reference Summary & look at between pages 2 & 7 or alternatively the
1108s/390 principles of operation.
1109e.g. even I can guess that
11100001AFF8' LR 180F CC 0
1111is a ( load register ) lr r0,r15
1112
1113Also it is very easy to tell the length of a 390 instruction from the 2 most significant
1114bits in the instruction ( not that this info is really useful except if you are trying to
1115make sense of a hexdump of code ).
1116Here is a table
1117Bits Instruction Length
1118------------------------------------------
111900 2 Bytes
112001 4 Bytes
112110 4 Bytes
112211 6 Bytes
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127The debugger also displays other useful info on the same line such as the
1128addresses being operated on destination addresses of branches & condition codes.
1129e.g.
113000019736' AHI A7DAFF0E CC 1
1131000198BA' BRC A7840004 -> 000198C2' CC 0
1132000198CE' STM 900EF068 >> 0FA95E78 CC 2
1133
1134
1135
1136Useful VM debugger commands
1137---------------------------
1138
1139I suppose I'd better mention this before I start
1140to list the current active traces do
1141Q TR
1142there can be a maximum of 255 of these per set
1143( more about trace sets later ).
1144To stop traces issue a
1145TR END.
1146To delete a particular breakpoint issue
1147TR DEL <breakpoint number>
1148
1149The PA1 key drops to CP mode so you can issue debugger commands,
1150Doing alt c (on my 3270 console at least ) clears the screen.
1151hitting b <enter> comes back to the running operating system
1152from cp mode ( in our case linux ).
1153It is typically useful to add shortcuts to your profile.exec file
1154if you have one ( this is roughly equivalent to autoexec.bat in DOS ).
1155file here are a few from mine.
1156/* this gives me command history on issuing f12 */
1157set pf12 retrieve
1158/* this continues */
1159set pf8 imm b
1160/* goes to trace set a */
1161set pf1 imm tr goto a
1162/* goes to trace set b */
1163set pf2 imm tr goto b
1164/* goes to trace set c */
1165set pf3 imm tr goto c
1166
1167
1168
1169Instruction Tracing
1170-------------------
1171Setting a simple breakpoint
1172TR I PSWA <address>
1173To debug a particular function try
1174TR I R <function address range>
1175TR I on its own will single step.
1176TR I DATA <MNEMONIC> <OPTIONAL RANGE> will trace for particular mnemonics
1177e.g.
1178TR I DATA 4D R 0197BC.4000
1179will trace for BAS'es ( opcode 4D ) in the range 0197BC.4000
1180if you were inclined you could add traces for all branch instructions &
1181suffix them with the run prefix so you would have a backtrace on screen
1182when a program crashes.
1183TR BR <INTO OR FROM> will trace branches into or out of an address.
1184e.g.
1185TR BR INTO 0 is often quite useful if a program is getting awkward & deciding
1186to branch to 0 & crashing as this will stop at the address before in jumps to 0.
1187TR I R <address range> RUN cmd d g
1188single steps a range of addresses but stays running &
1189displays the gprs on each step.
1190
1191
1192
1193Displaying & modifying Registers
1194--------------------------------
1195D G will display all the gprs
1196Adding a extra G to all the commands is necessary to access the full 64 bit
1197content in VM on z/Architecture obviously this isn't required for access registers
1198as these are still 32 bit.
1199e.g. DGG instead of DG
1200D X will display all the control registers
1201D AR will display all the access registers
1202D AR4-7 will display access registers 4 to 7
1203CPU ALL D G will display the GRPS of all CPUS in the configuration
1204D PSW will display the current PSW
1205st PSW 2000 will put the value 2000 into the PSW &
1206cause crash your machine.
1207D PREFIX displays the prefix offset
1208
1209
1210Displaying Memory
1211-----------------
1212To display memory mapped using the current PSW's mapping try
1213D <range>
1214To make VM display a message each time it hits a particular address & continue try
1215D I<range> will disassemble/display a range of instructions.
1216ST addr 32 bit word will store a 32 bit aligned address
1217D T<range> will display the EBCDIC in an address ( if you are that way inclined )
1218D R<range> will display real addresses ( without DAT ) but with prefixing.
1219There are other complex options to display if you need to get at say home space
1220but are in primary space the easiest thing to do is to temporarily
1221modify the PSW to the other addressing mode, display the stuff & then
1222restore it.
1223
1224
1225 
1226Hints
1227-----
1228If you want to issue a debugger command without halting your virtual machine with the
1229PA1 key try prefixing the command with #CP e.g.
1230#cp tr i pswa 2000
1231also suffixing most debugger commands with RUN will cause them not
1232to stop just display the mnemonic at the current instruction on the console.
1233If you have several breakpoints you want to put into your program &
1234you get fed up of cross referencing with System.map
1235you can do the following trick for several symbols.
1236grep do_signal System.map
1237which emits the following among other things
12380001f4e0 T do_signal
1239now you can do
1240
1241TR I PSWA 0001f4e0 cmd msg * do_signal
1242This sends a message to your own console each time do_signal is entered.
1243( As an aside I wrote a perl script once which automatically generated a REXX
1244script with breakpoints on every kernel procedure, this isn't a good idea
1245because there are thousands of these routines & VM can only set 255 breakpoints
1246at a time so you nearly had to spend as long pruning the file down as you would
1247entering the msg's by hand ),however, the trick might be useful for a single object file.
1248On linux'es 3270 emulator x3270 there is a very useful option under the file ment
1249Save Screens In File this is very good of keeping a copy of traces.
1250
1251From CMS help <command name> will give you online help on a particular command.
1252e.g.
1253HELP DISPLAY
1254
1255Also CP has a file called profile.exec which automatically gets called
1256on startup of CMS ( like autoexec.bat ), keeping on a DOS analogy session
1257CP has a feature similar to doskey, it may be useful for you to
1258use profile.exec to define some keystrokes.
1259e.g.
1260SET PF9 IMM B
1261This does a single step in VM on pressing F8.
1262SET PF10 ^
1263This sets up the ^ key.
1264which can be used for ^c (ctrl-c),^z (ctrl-z) which can't be typed directly into some 3270 consoles.
1265SET PF11 ^-
1266This types the starting keystrokes for a sysrq see SysRq below.
1267SET PF12 RETRIEVE
1268This retrieves command history on pressing F12.
1269
1270
1271Sometimes in VM the display is set up to scroll automatically this
1272can be very annoying if there are messages you wish to look at
1273to stop this do
1274TERM MORE 255 255
1275This will nearly stop automatic screen updates, however it will
1276cause a denial of service if lots of messages go to the 3270 console,
1277so it would be foolish to use this as the default on a production machine.
1278 
1279
1280Tracing particular processes
1281----------------------------
1282The kernel's text segment is intentionally at an address in memory that it will
1283very seldom collide with text segments of user programs ( thanks Martin ),
1284this simplifies debugging the kernel.
1285However it is quite common for user processes to have addresses which collide
1286this can make debugging a particular process under VM painful under normal
1287circumstances as the process may change when doing a
1288TR I R <address range>.
1289Thankfully after reading VM's online help I figured out how to debug
1290I particular process.
1291
1292Your first problem is to find the STD ( segment table designation )
1293of the program you wish to debug.
1294There are several ways you can do this here are a few
12951) objdump --syms <program to be debugged> | grep main
1296To get the address of main in the program.
1297tr i pswa <address of main>
1298Start the program, if VM drops to CP on what looks like the entry
1299point of the main function this is most likely the process you wish to debug.
1300Now do a D X13 or D XG13 on z/Architecture.
1301On 31 bit the STD is bits 1-19 ( the STO segment table origin )
1302& 25-31 ( the STL segment table length ) of CR13.
1303now type
1304TR I R STD <CR13's value> 0.7fffffff
1305e.g.
1306TR I R STD 8F32E1FF 0.7fffffff
1307Another very useful variation is
1308TR STORE INTO STD <CR13's value> <address range>
1309for finding out when a particular variable changes.
1310
1311An alternative way of finding the STD of a currently running process
1312is to do the following, ( this method is more complex but
1313could be quite convenient if you aren't updating the kernel much &
1314so your kernel structures will stay constant for a reasonable period of
1315time ).
1316
1317grep task /proc/<pid>/status
1318from this you should see something like
1319task: 0f160000 ksp: 0f161de8 pt_regs: 0f161f68
1320This now gives you a pointer to the task structure.
1321Now make CC:="s390-gcc -g" kernel/sched.s
1322To get the task_struct stabinfo.
1323( task_struct is defined in include/linux/sched.h ).
1324Now we want to look at
1325task->active_mm->pgd
1326on my machine the active_mm in the task structure stab is
1327active_mm:(4,12),672,32
1328its offset is 672/8=84=0x54
1329the pgd member in the mm_struct stab is
1330pgd:(4,6)=*(29,5),96,32
1331so its offset is 96/8=12=0xc
1332
1333so we'll
1334hexdump -s 0xf160054 /dev/mem | more
1335i.e. task_struct+active_mm offset
1336to look at the active_mm member
1337f160054 0fee cc60 0019 e334 0000 0000 0000 0011
1338hexdump -s 0x0feecc6c /dev/mem | more
1339i.e. active_mm+pgd offset
1340feecc6c 0f2c 0000 0000 0001 0000 0001 0000 0010
1341we get something like
1342now do
1343TR I R STD <pgd|0x7f> 0.7fffffff
1344i.e. the 0x7f is added because the pgd only
1345gives the page table origin & we need to set the low bits
1346to the maximum possible segment table length.
1347TR I R STD 0f2c007f 0.7fffffff
1348on z/Architecture you'll probably need to do
1349TR I R STD <pgd|0x7> 0.ffffffffffffffff
1350to set the TableType to 0x1 & the Table length to 3.
1351
1352
1353
1354Tracing Program Exceptions
1355--------------------------
1356If you get a crash which says something like
1357illegal operation or specification exception followed by a register dump
1358You can restart linux & trace these using the tr prog <range or value> trace option.
1359
1360
1361
1362The most common ones you will normally be tracing for is
13631=operation exception
13642=privileged operation exception
13654=protection exception
13665=addressing exception
13676=specification exception
136810=segment translation exception
136911=page translation exception
1370
1371The full list of these is on page 22 of the current s/390 Reference Summary.
1372e.g.
1373tr prog 10 will trace segment translation exceptions.
1374tr prog on its own will trace all program interruption codes.
1375
1376Trace Sets
1377----------
1378On starting VM you are initially in the INITIAL trace set.
1379You can do a Q TR to verify this.
1380If you have a complex tracing situation where you wish to wait for instance
1381till a driver is open before you start tracing IO, but know in your
1382heart that you are going to have to make several runs through the code till you
1383have a clue whats going on.
1384
1385What you can do is
1386TR I PSWA <Driver open address>
1387hit b to continue till breakpoint
1388reach the breakpoint
1389now do your
1390TR GOTO B
1391TR IO 7c08-7c09 inst int run
1392or whatever the IO channels you wish to trace are & hit b
1393
1394To got back to the initial trace set do
1395TR GOTO INITIAL
1396& the TR I PSWA <Driver open address> will be the only active breakpoint again.
1397
1398
1399Tracing linux syscalls under VM
1400-------------------------------
1401Syscalls are implemented on Linux for S390 by the Supervisor call instruction (SVC) there 256
1402possibilities of these as the instruction is made up of a 0xA opcode & the second byte being
1403the syscall number. They are traced using the simple command.
1404TR SVC <Optional value or range>
1405the syscalls are defined in linux/arch/s390/include/asm/unistd.h
1406e.g. to trace all file opens just do
1407TR SVC 5 ( as this is the syscall number of open )
1408
1409
1410SMP Specific commands
1411---------------------
1412To find out how many cpus you have
1413Q CPUS displays all the CPU's available to your virtual machine
1414To find the cpu that the current cpu VM debugger commands are being directed at do
1415Q CPU to change the current cpu VM debugger commands are being directed at do
1416CPU <desired cpu no>
1417
1418On a SMP guest issue a command to all CPUs try prefixing the command with cpu all.
1419To issue a command to a particular cpu try cpu <cpu number> e.g.
1420CPU 01 TR I R 2000.3000
1421If you are running on a guest with several cpus & you have a IO related problem
1422& cannot follow the flow of code but you know it isn't smp related.
1423from the bash prompt issue
1424shutdown -h now or halt.
1425do a Q CPUS to find out how many cpus you have
1426detach each one of them from cp except cpu 0
1427by issuing a
1428DETACH CPU 01-(number of cpus in configuration)
1429& boot linux again.
1430TR SIGP will trace inter processor signal processor instructions.
1431DEFINE CPU 01-(number in configuration)
1432will get your guests cpus back.
1433
1434
1435Help for displaying ascii textstrings
1436-------------------------------------
1437On the very latest VM Nucleus'es VM can now display ascii
1438( thanks Neale for the hint ) by doing
1439D TX<lowaddr>.<len>
1440e.g.
1441D TX0.100
1442
1443Alternatively
1444=============
1445Under older VM debuggers ( I love EBDIC too ) you can use this little program I wrote which
1446will convert a command line of hex digits to ascii text which can be compiled under linux &
1447you can copy the hex digits from your x3270 terminal to your xterm if you are debugging
1448from a linuxbox.
1449
1450This is quite useful when looking at a parameter passed in as a text string
1451under VM ( unless you are good at decoding ASCII in your head ).
1452
1453e.g. consider tracing an open syscall
1454TR SVC 5
1455We have stopped at a breakpoint
1456000151B0' SVC 0A05 -> 0001909A' CC 0
1457
1458D 20.8 to check the SVC old psw in the prefix area & see was it from userspace
1459( for the layout of the prefix area consult P18 of the s/390 390 Reference Summary
1460if you have it available ).
1461V00000020 070C2000 800151B2
1462The problem state bit wasn't set & it's also too early in the boot sequence
1463for it to be a userspace SVC if it was we would have to temporarily switch the
1464psw to user space addressing so we could get at the first parameter of the open in
1465gpr2.
1466Next do a
1467D G2
1468GPR 2 = 00014CB4
1469Now display what gpr2 is pointing to
1470D 00014CB4.20
1471V00014CB4 2F646576 2F636F6E 736F6C65 00001BF5
1472V00014CC4 FC00014C B4001001 E0001000 B8070707
1473Now copy the text till the first 00 hex ( which is the end of the string
1474to an xterm & do hex2ascii on it.
1475hex2ascii 2F646576 2F636F6E 736F6C65 00
1476outputs
1477Decoded Hex:=/ d e v / c o n s o l e 0x00
1478We were opening the console device,
1479
1480You can compile the code below yourself for practice :-),
1481/*
1482 * hex2ascii.c
1483 * a useful little tool for converting a hexadecimal command line to ascii
1484 *
1485 * Author(s): Denis Joseph Barrow (djbarrow@de.ibm.com,barrow_dj@yahoo.com)
1486 * (C) 2000 IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, IBM Corporation.
1487 */
1488#include <stdio.h>
1489
1490int main(int argc,char *argv[])
1491{
1492  int cnt1,cnt2,len,toggle=0;
1493  int startcnt=1;
1494  unsigned char c,hex;
1495  
1496  if(argc>1&&(strcmp(argv[1],"-a")==0))
1497     startcnt=2;
1498  printf("Decoded Hex:=");
1499  for(cnt1=startcnt;cnt1<argc;cnt1++)
1500  {
1501    len=strlen(argv[cnt1]);
1502    for(cnt2=0;cnt2<len;cnt2++)
1503    {
1504       c=argv[cnt1][cnt2];
1505       if(c>='0'&&c<='9')
1506      c=c-'0';
1507       if(c>='A'&&c<='F')
1508      c=c-'A'+10;
1509       if(c>='a'&&c<='f')
1510      c=c-'a'+10;
1511       switch(toggle)
1512       {
1513      case 0:
1514         hex=c<<4;
1515         toggle=1;
1516      break;
1517      case 1:
1518         hex+=c;
1519         if(hex<32||hex>127)
1520         {
1521        if(startcnt==1)
1522           printf("0x%02X ",(int)hex);
1523        else
1524           printf(".");
1525         }
1526         else
1527         {
1528           printf("%c",hex);
1529           if(startcnt==1)
1530          printf(" ");
1531         }
1532         toggle=0;
1533      break;
1534       }
1535    }
1536  }
1537  printf("\n");
1538}
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543Stack tracing under VM
1544----------------------
1545A basic backtrace
1546-----------------
1547
1548Here are the tricks I use 9 out of 10 times it works pretty well,
1549
1550When your backchain reaches a dead end
1551--------------------------------------
1552This can happen when an exception happens in the kernel & the kernel is entered twice
1553if you reach the NULL pointer at the end of the back chain you should be
1554able to sniff further back if you follow the following tricks.
15551) A kernel address should be easy to recognise since it is in
1556primary space & the problem state bit isn't set & also
1557The Hi bit of the address is set.
15582) Another backchain should also be easy to recognise since it is an
1559address pointing to another address approximately 100 bytes or 0x70 hex
1560behind the current stackpointer.
1561
1562
1563Here is some practice.
1564boot the kernel & hit PA1 at some random time
1565d g to display the gprs, this should display something like
1566GPR 0 = 00000001 00156018 0014359C 00000000
1567GPR 4 = 00000001 001B8888 000003E0 00000000
1568GPR 8 = 00100080 00100084 00000000 000FE000
1569GPR 12 = 00010400 8001B2DC 8001B36A 000FFED8
1570Note that GPR14 is a return address but as we are real men we are going to
1571trace the stack.
1572display 0x40 bytes after the stack pointer.
1573
1574V000FFED8 000FFF38 8001B838 80014C8E 000FFF38
1575V000FFEE8 00000000 00000000 000003E0 00000000
1576V000FFEF8 00100080 00100084 00000000 000FE000
1577V000FFF08 00010400 8001B2DC 8001B36A 000FFED8
1578
1579
1580Ah now look at whats in sp+56 (sp+0x38) this is 8001B36A our saved r14 if
1581you look above at our stackframe & also agrees with GPR14.
1582
1583now backchain
1584d 000FFF38.40
1585we now are taking the contents of SP to get our first backchain.
1586
1587V000FFF38 000FFFA0 00000000 00014995 00147094
1588V000FFF48 00147090 001470A0 000003E0 00000000
1589V000FFF58 00100080 00100084 00000000 001BF1D0
1590V000FFF68 00010400 800149BA 80014CA6 000FFF38
1591
1592This displays a 2nd return address of 80014CA6
1593
1594now do d 000FFFA0.40 for our 3rd backchain
1595
1596V000FFFA0 04B52002 0001107F 00000000 00000000
1597V000FFFB0 00000000 00000000 FF000000 0001107F
1598V000FFFC0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
1599V000FFFD0 00010400 80010802 8001085A 000FFFA0
1600
1601
1602our 3rd return address is 8001085A
1603
1604as the 04B52002 looks suspiciously like rubbish it is fair to assume that the kernel entry routines
1605for the sake of optimisation don't set up a backchain.
1606
1607now look at System.map to see if the addresses make any sense.
1608
1609grep -i 0001b3 System.map
1610outputs among other things
16110001b304 T cpu_idle
1612so 8001B36A
1613is cpu_idle+0x66 ( quiet the cpu is asleep, don't wake it )
1614
1615
1616grep -i 00014 System.map
1617produces among other things
161800014a78 T start_kernel
1619so 0014CA6 is start_kernel+some hex number I can't add in my head.
1620
1621grep -i 00108 System.map
1622this produces
162300010800 T _stext
1624so 8001085A is _stext+0x5a
1625
1626Congrats you've done your first backchain.
1627
1628
1629
1630s/390 & z/Architecture IO Overview
1631==================================
1632
1633I am not going to give a course in 390 IO architecture as this would take me quite a
1634while & I'm no expert. Instead I'll give a 390 IO architecture summary for Dummies if you have
1635the s/390 principles of operation available read this instead. If nothing else you may find a few
1636useful keywords in here & be able to use them on a web search engine like altavista to find
1637more useful information.
1638
1639Unlike other bus architectures modern 390 systems do their IO using mostly
1640fibre optics & devices such as tapes & disks can be shared between several mainframes,
1641also S390 can support up to 65536 devices while a high end PC based system might be choking
1642with around 64. Here is some of the common IO terminology
1643
1644Subchannel:
1645This is the logical number most IO commands use to talk to an IO device there can be up to
16460x10000 (65536) of these in a configuration typically there is a few hundred. Under VM
1647for simplicity they are allocated contiguously, however on the native hardware they are not
1648they typically stay consistent between boots provided no new hardware is inserted or removed.
1649Under Linux for 390 we use these as IRQ's & also when issuing an IO command (CLEAR SUBCHANNEL,
1650HALT SUBCHANNEL,MODIFY SUBCHANNEL,RESUME SUBCHANNEL,START SUBCHANNEL,STORE SUBCHANNEL &
1651TEST SUBCHANNEL ) we use this as the ID of the device we wish to talk to, the most
1652important of these instructions are START SUBCHANNEL ( to start IO ), TEST SUBCHANNEL ( to check
1653whether the IO completed successfully ), & HALT SUBCHANNEL ( to kill IO ), a subchannel
1654can have up to 8 channel paths to a device this offers redundancy if one is not available.
1655
1656
1657Device Number:
1658This number remains static & Is closely tied to the hardware, there are 65536 of these
1659also they are made up of a CHPID ( Channel Path ID, the most significant 8 bits )
1660& another lsb 8 bits. These remain static even if more devices are inserted or removed
1661from the hardware, there is a 1 to 1 mapping between Subchannels & Device Numbers provided
1662devices aren't inserted or removed.
1663
1664Channel Control Words:
1665CCWS are linked lists of instructions initially pointed to by an operation request block (ORB),
1666which is initially given to Start Subchannel (SSCH) command along with the subchannel number
1667for the IO subsystem to process while the CPU continues executing normal code.
1668These come in two flavours, Format 0 ( 24 bit for backward )
1669compatibility & Format 1 ( 31 bit ). These are typically used to issue read & write
1670( & many other instructions ) they consist of a length field & an absolute address field.
1671For each IO typically get 1 or 2 interrupts one for channel end ( primary status ) when the
1672channel is idle & the second for device end ( secondary status ) sometimes you get both
1673concurrently, you check how the IO went on by issuing a TEST SUBCHANNEL at each interrupt,
1674from which you receive an Interruption response block (IRB). If you get channel & device end
1675status in the IRB without channel checks etc. your IO probably went okay. If you didn't you
1676probably need a doctor to examine the IRB & extended status word etc.
1677If an error occurs, more sophisticated control units have a facility known as
1678concurrent sense this means that if an error occurs Extended sense information will
1679be presented in the Extended status word in the IRB if not you have to issue a
1680subsequent SENSE CCW command after the test subchannel.
1681
1682
1683TPI( Test pending interrupt) can also be used for polled IO but in multitasking multiprocessor
1684systems it isn't recommended except for checking special cases ( i.e. non looping checks for
1685pending IO etc. ).
1686
1687Store Subchannel & Modify Subchannel can be used to examine & modify operating characteristics
1688of a subchannel ( e.g. channel paths ).
1689
1690Other IO related Terms:
1691Sysplex: S390's Clustering Technology
1692QDIO: S390's new high speed IO architecture to support devices such as gigabit ethernet,
1693this architecture is also designed to be forward compatible with up & coming 64 bit machines.
1694
1695
1696General Concepts
1697
1698Input Output Processors (IOP's) are responsible for communicating between
1699the mainframe CPU's & the channel & relieve the mainframe CPU's from the
1700burden of communicating with IO devices directly, this allows the CPU's to
1701concentrate on data processing.
1702
1703IOP's can use one or more links ( known as channel paths ) to talk to each
1704IO device. It first checks for path availability & chooses an available one,
1705then starts ( & sometimes terminates IO ).
1706There are two types of channel path: ESCON & the Parallel IO interface.
1707
1708IO devices are attached to control units, control units provide the
1709logic to interface the channel paths & channel path IO protocols to
1710the IO devices, they can be integrated with the devices or housed separately
1711& often talk to several similar devices ( typical examples would be raid
1712controllers or a control unit which connects to 1000 3270 terminals ).
1713
1714
1715    +---------------------------------------------------------------+
1716    | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +----------+ +----------+ |
1717    | | CPU | | CPU | | CPU | | CPU | | Main | | Expanded | |
1718    | | | | | | | | | | Memory | | Storage | |
1719    | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +----------+ +----------+ |
1720    |---------------------------------------------------------------+
1721    | IOP | IOP | IOP |
1722    |---------------------------------------------------------------
1723    | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C |
1724    ----------------------------------------------------------------
1725         || ||
1726         || Bus & Tag Channel Path || ESCON
1727         || ====================== || Channel
1728         || || || || Path
1729    +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
1730    | | | | | |
1731    | CU | | CU | | CU |
1732    | | | | | |
1733    +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
1734       | | | | |
1735+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
1736|I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device| |I/O Device|
1737+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
1738  CPU = Central Processing Unit
1739  C = Channel
1740  IOP = IP Processor
1741  CU = Control Unit
1742
1743The 390 IO systems come in 2 flavours the current 390 machines support both
1744
1745The Older 360 & 370 Interface,sometimes called the Parallel I/O interface,
1746sometimes called Bus-and Tag & sometimes Original Equipment Manufacturers
1747Interface (OEMI).
1748
1749This byte wide Parallel channel path/bus has parity & data on the "Bus" cable
1750& control lines on the "Tag" cable. These can operate in byte multiplex mode for
1751sharing between several slow devices or burst mode & monopolize the channel for the
1752whole burst. Up to 256 devices can be addressed on one of these cables. These cables are
1753about one inch in diameter. The maximum unextended length supported by these cables is
1754125 Meters but this can be extended up to 2km with a fibre optic channel extended
1755such as a 3044. The maximum burst speed supported is 4.5 megabytes per second however
1756some really old processors support only transfer rates of 3.0, 2.0 & 1.0 MB/sec.
1757One of these paths can be daisy chained to up to 8 control units.
1758
1759
1760ESCON if fibre optic it is also called FICON
1761Was introduced by IBM in 1990. Has 2 fibre optic cables & uses either leds or lasers
1762for communication at a signaling rate of up to 200 megabits/sec. As 10bits are transferred
1763for every 8 bits info this drops to 160 megabits/sec & to 18.6 Megabytes/sec once
1764control info & CRC are added. ESCON only operates in burst mode.
1765 
1766ESCONs typical max cable length is 3km for the led version & 20km for the laser version
1767known as XDF ( extended distance facility ). This can be further extended by using an
1768ESCON director which triples the above mentioned ranges. Unlike Bus & Tag as ESCON is
1769serial it uses a packet switching architecture the standard Bus & Tag control protocol
1770is however present within the packets. Up to 256 devices can be attached to each control
1771unit that uses one of these interfaces.
1772
1773Common 390 Devices include:
1774Network adapters typically OSA2,3172's,2116's & OSA-E gigabit ethernet adapters,
1775Consoles 3270 & 3215 ( a teletype emulated under linux for a line mode console ).
1776DASD's direct access storage devices ( otherwise known as hard disks ).
1777Tape Drives.
1778CTC ( Channel to Channel Adapters ),
1779ESCON or Parallel Cables used as a very high speed serial link
1780between 2 machines. We use 2 cables under linux to do a bi-directional serial link.
1781
1782
1783Debugging IO on s/390 & z/Architecture under VM
1784===============================================
1785
1786Now we are ready to go on with IO tracing commands under VM
1787
1788A few self explanatory queries:
1789Q OSA
1790Q CTC
1791Q DISK ( This command is CMS specific )
1792Q DASD
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799Q OSA on my machine returns
1800OSA 7C08 ON OSA 7C08 SUBCHANNEL = 0000
1801OSA 7C09 ON OSA 7C09 SUBCHANNEL = 0001
1802OSA 7C14 ON OSA 7C14 SUBCHANNEL = 0002
1803OSA 7C15 ON OSA 7C15 SUBCHANNEL = 0003
1804
1805If you have a guest with certain privileges you may be able to see devices
1806which don't belong to you. To avoid this, add the option V.
1807e.g.
1808Q V OSA
1809
1810Now using the device numbers returned by this command we will
1811Trace the io starting up on the first device 7c08 & 7c09
1812In our simplest case we can trace the
1813start subchannels
1814like TR SSCH 7C08-7C09
1815or the halt subchannels
1816or TR HSCH 7C08-7C09
1817MSCH's ,STSCH's I think you can guess the rest
1818
1819Ingo's favourite trick is tracing all the IO's & CCWS & spooling them into the reader of another
1820VM guest so he can ftp the logfile back to his own machine.I'll do a small bit of this & give you
1821 a look at the output.
1822
18231) Spool stdout to VM reader
1824SP PRT TO (another vm guest ) or * for the local vm guest
18252) Fill the reader with the trace
1826TR IO 7c08-7c09 INST INT CCW PRT RUN
18273) Start up linux
1828i 00c
18294) Finish the trace
1830TR END
18315) close the reader
1832C PRT
18336) list reader contents
1834RDRLIST
18357) copy it to linux4's minidisk
1836RECEIVE / LOG TXT A1 ( replace
18378)
1838filel & press F11 to look at it
1839You should see something like:
1840
184100020942' SSCH B2334000 0048813C CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
1842          CPA 000FFDF0 PARM 00E2C9C4 KEY 0 FPI C0 LPM 80
1843          CCW 000FFDF0 E4200100 00487FE8 0000 E4240100 ........
1844          IDAL 43D8AFE8
1845          IDAL 0FB76000
184600020B0A' I/O DEV 7C08 -> 000197BC' SCH 0000 PARM 00E2C9C4
184700021628' TSCH B2354000 >> 00488164 CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
1848          CCWA 000FFDF8 DEV STS 0C SCH STS 00 CNT 00EC
1849           KEY 0 FPI C0 CC 0 CTLS 4007
185000022238' STSCH B2344000 >> 00488108 CC 0 SCH 0000 DEV 7C08
1851
1852If you don't like messing up your readed ( because you possibly booted from it )
1853you can alternatively spool it to another readers guest.
1854
1855
1856Other common VM device related commands
1857---------------------------------------------
1858These commands are listed only because they have
1859been of use to me in the past & may be of use to
1860you too. For more complete info on each of the commands
1861use type HELP <command> from CMS.
1862detaching devices
1863DET <devno range>
1864ATT <devno range> <guest>
1865attach a device to guest * for your own guest
1866READY <devno> cause VM to issue a fake interrupt.
1867
1868The VARY command is normally only available to VM administrators.
1869VARY ON PATH <path> TO <devno range>
1870VARY OFF PATH <PATH> FROM <devno range>
1871This is used to switch on or off channel paths to devices.
1872
1873Q CHPID <channel path ID>
1874This displays state of devices using this channel path
1875D SCHIB <subchannel>
1876This displays the subchannel information SCHIB block for the device.
1877this I believe is also only available to administrators.
1878DEFINE CTC <devno>
1879defines a virtual CTC channel to channel connection
18802 need to be defined on each guest for the CTC driver to use.
1881COUPLE devno userid remote devno
1882Joins a local virtual device to a remote virtual device
1883( commonly used for the CTC driver ).
1884
1885Building a VM ramdisk under CMS which linux can use
1886def vfb-<blocksize> <subchannel> <number blocks>
1887blocksize is commonly 4096 for linux.
1888Formatting it
1889format <subchannel> <driver letter e.g. x> (blksize <blocksize>
1890
1891Sharing a disk between multiple guests
1892LINK userid devno1 devno2 mode password
1893
1894
1895
1896GDB on S390
1897===========
1898N.B. if compiling for debugging gdb works better without optimisation
1899( see Compiling programs for debugging )
1900
1901invocation
1902----------
1903gdb <victim program> <optional corefile>
1904
1905Online help
1906-----------
1907help: gives help on commands
1908e.g.
1909help
1910help display
1911Note gdb's online help is very good use it.
1912
1913
1914Assembly
1915--------
1916info registers: displays registers other than floating point.
1917info all-registers: displays floating points as well.
1918disassemble: disassembles
1919e.g.
1920disassemble without parameters will disassemble the current function
1921disassemble $pc $pc+10
1922
1923Viewing & modifying variables
1924-----------------------------
1925print or p: displays variable or register
1926e.g. p/x $sp will display the stack pointer
1927
1928display: prints variable or register each time program stops
1929e.g.
1930display/x $pc will display the program counter
1931display argc
1932
1933undisplay : undo's display's
1934
1935info breakpoints: shows all current breakpoints
1936
1937info stack: shows stack back trace ( if this doesn't work too well, I'll show you the
1938stacktrace by hand below ).
1939
1940info locals: displays local variables.
1941
1942info args: display current procedure arguments.
1943
1944set args: will set argc & argv each time the victim program is invoked.
1945
1946set <variable>=value
1947set argc=100
1948set $pc=0
1949
1950
1951
1952Modifying execution
1953-------------------
1954step: steps n lines of sourcecode
1955step steps 1 line.
1956step 100 steps 100 lines of code.
1957
1958next: like step except this will not step into subroutines
1959
1960stepi: steps a single machine code instruction.
1961e.g. stepi 100
1962
1963nexti: steps a single machine code instruction but will not step into subroutines.
1964
1965finish: will run until exit of the current routine
1966
1967run: (re)starts a program
1968
1969cont: continues a program
1970
1971quit: exits gdb.
1972
1973
1974breakpoints
1975------------
1976
1977break
1978sets a breakpoint
1979e.g.
1980
1981break main
1982
1983break *$pc
1984
1985break *0x400618
1986
1987Here's a really useful one for large programs
1988rbr
1989Set a breakpoint for all functions matching REGEXP
1990e.g.
1991rbr 390
1992will set a breakpoint with all functions with 390 in their name.
1993
1994info breakpoints
1995lists all breakpoints
1996
1997delete: delete breakpoint by number or delete them all
1998e.g.
1999delete 1 will delete the first breakpoint
2000delete will delete them all
2001
2002watch: This will set a watchpoint ( usually hardware assisted ),
2003This will watch a variable till it changes
2004e.g.
2005watch cnt, will watch the variable cnt till it changes.
2006As an aside unfortunately gdb's, architecture independent watchpoint code
2007is inconsistent & not very good, watchpoints usually work but not always.
2008
2009info watchpoints: Display currently active watchpoints
2010
2011condition: ( another useful one )
2012Specify breakpoint number N to break only if COND is true.
2013Usage is `condition N COND', where N is an integer and COND is an
2014expression to be evaluated whenever breakpoint N is reached.
2015
2016
2017
2018User defined functions/macros
2019-----------------------------
2020define: ( Note this is very very useful,simple & powerful )
2021usage define <name> <list of commands> end
2022
2023examples which you should consider putting into .gdbinit in your home directory
2024define d
2025stepi
2026disassemble $pc $pc+10
2027end
2028
2029define e
2030nexti
2031disassemble $pc $pc+10
2032end
2033
2034
2035Other hard to classify stuff
2036----------------------------
2037signal n:
2038sends the victim program a signal.
2039e.g. signal 3 will send a SIGQUIT.
2040
2041info signals:
2042what gdb does when the victim receives certain signals.
2043
2044list:
2045e.g.
2046list lists current function source
2047list 1,10 list first 10 lines of current file.
2048list test.c:1,10
2049
2050
2051directory:
2052Adds directories to be searched for source if gdb cannot find the source.
2053(note it is a bit sensitive about slashes)
2054e.g. To add the root of the filesystem to the searchpath do
2055directory //
2056
2057
2058call <function>
2059This calls a function in the victim program, this is pretty powerful
2060e.g.
2061(gdb) call printf("hello world")
2062outputs:
2063$1 = 11
2064
2065You might now be thinking that the line above didn't work, something extra had to be done.
2066(gdb) call fflush(stdout)
2067hello world$2 = 0
2068As an aside the debugger also calls malloc & free under the hood
2069to make space for the "hello world" string.
2070
2071
2072
2073hints
2074-----
20751) command completion works just like bash
2076( if you are a bad typist like me this really helps )
2077e.g. hit br <TAB> & cursor up & down :-).
2078
20792) if you have a debugging problem that takes a few steps to recreate
2080put the steps into a file called .gdbinit in your current working directory
2081if you have defined a few extra useful user defined commands put these in
2082your home directory & they will be read each time gdb is launched.
2083
2084A typical .gdbinit file might be.
2085break main
2086run
2087break runtime_exception
2088cont
2089
2090
2091stack chaining in gdb by hand
2092-----------------------------
2093This is done using a the same trick described for VM
2094p/x (*($sp+56))&0x7fffffff get the first backchain.
2095
2096For z/Architecture
2097Replace 56 with 112 & ignore the &0x7fffffff
2098in the macros below & do nasty casts to longs like the following
2099as gdb unfortunately deals with printed arguments as ints which
2100messes up everything.
2101i.e. here is a 3rd backchain dereference
2102p/x *(long *)(***(long ***)$sp+112)
2103
2104
2105this outputs
2106$5 = 0x528f18
2107on my machine.
2108Now you can use
2109info symbol (*($sp+56))&0x7fffffff
2110you might see something like.
2111rl_getc + 36 in section .text telling you what is located at address 0x528f18
2112Now do.
2113p/x (*(*$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
2114This outputs
2115$6 = 0x528ed0
2116Now do.
2117info symbol (*(*$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
2118rl_read_key + 180 in section .text
2119now do
2120p/x (*(**$sp+56))&0x7fffffff
2121& so on.
2122
2123Disassembling instructions without debug info
2124---------------------------------------------
2125gdb typically complains if there is a lack of debugging
2126symbols in the disassemble command with
2127"No function contains specified address." To get around
2128this do
2129x/<number lines to disassemble>xi <address>
2130e.g.
2131x/20xi 0x400730
2132
2133
2134
2135Note: Remember gdb has history just like bash you don't need to retype the
2136whole line just use the up & down arrows.
2137
2138
2139
2140For more info
2141-------------
2142From your linuxbox do
2143man gdb or info gdb.
2144
2145core dumps
2146----------
2147What a core dump ?,
2148A core dump is a file generated by the kernel ( if allowed ) which contains the registers,
2149& all active pages of the program which has crashed.
2150From this file gdb will allow you to look at the registers & stack trace & memory of the
2151program as if it just crashed on your system, it is usually called core & created in the
2152current working directory.
2153This is very useful in that a customer can mail a core dump to a technical support department
2154& the technical support department can reconstruct what happened.
2155Provided they have an identical copy of this program with debugging symbols compiled in &
2156the source base of this build is available.
2157In short it is far more useful than something like a crash log could ever hope to be.
2158
2159In theory all that is missing to restart a core dumped program is a kernel patch which
2160will do the following.
21611) Make a new kernel task structure
21622) Reload all the dumped pages back into the kernel's memory management structures.
21633) Do the required clock fixups
21644) Get all files & network connections for the process back into an identical state ( really difficult ).
21655) A few more difficult things I haven't thought of.
2166
2167
2168
2169Why have I never seen one ?.
2170Probably because you haven't used the command
2171ulimit -c unlimited in bash
2172to allow core dumps, now do
2173ulimit -a
2174to verify that the limit was accepted.
2175
2176A sample core dump
2177To create this I'm going to do
2178ulimit -c unlimited
2179gdb
2180to launch gdb (my victim app. ) now be bad & do the following from another
2181telnet/xterm session to the same machine
2182ps -aux | grep gdb
2183kill -SIGSEGV <gdb's pid>
2184or alternatively use killall -SIGSEGV gdb if you have the killall command.
2185Now look at the core dump.
2186./gdb core
2187Displays the following
2188GNU gdb 4.18
2189Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2190GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
2191welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
2192Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
2193There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
2194This GDB was configured as "s390-ibm-linux"...
2195Core was generated by `./gdb'.
2196Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
2197Reading symbols from /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4...done.
2198Reading symbols from /lib/libm.so.6...done.
2199Reading symbols from /lib/libc.so.6...done.
2200Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
2201#0 0x40126d1a in read () from /lib/libc.so.6
2202Setting up the environment for debugging gdb.
2203Breakpoint 1 at 0x4dc6f8: file utils.c, line 471.
2204Breakpoint 2 at 0x4d87a4: file top.c, line 2609.
2205(top-gdb) info stack
2206#0 0x40126d1a in read () from /lib/libc.so.6
2207#1 0x528f26 in rl_getc (stream=0x7ffffde8) at input.c:402
2208#2 0x528ed0 in rl_read_key () at input.c:381
2209#3 0x5167e6 in readline_internal_char () at readline.c:454
2210#4 0x5168ee in readline_internal_charloop () at readline.c:507
2211#5 0x51692c in readline_internal () at readline.c:521
2212#6 0x5164fe in readline (prompt=0x7ffff810 "\177ÿøx\177ÿ÷Ø\177ÿøxÀ")
2213    at readline.c:349
2214#7 0x4d7a8a in command_line_input (prompt=0x564420 "(gdb) ", repeat=1,
2215    annotation_suffix=0x4d6b44 "prompt") at top.c:2091
2216#8 0x4d6cf0 in command_loop () at top.c:1345
2217#9 0x4e25bc in main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffdf4) at main.c:635
2218
2219
2220LDD
2221===
2222This is a program which lists the shared libraries which a library needs,
2223Note you also get the relocations of the shared library text segments which
2224help when using objdump --source.
2225e.g.
2226 ldd ./gdb
2227outputs
2228libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x40018000)
2229libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x4005e000)
2230libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40084000)
2231/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
2232
2233
2234Debugging shared libraries
2235==========================
2236Most programs use shared libraries, however it can be very painful
2237when you single step instruction into a function like printf for the
2238first time & you end up in functions like _dl_runtime_resolve this is
2239the ld.so doing lazy binding, lazy binding is a concept in ELF where
2240shared library functions are not loaded into memory unless they are
2241actually used, great for saving memory but a pain to debug.
2242To get around this either relink the program -static or exit gdb type
2243export LD_BIND_NOW=true this will stop lazy binding & restart the gdb'ing
2244the program in question.
2245 
2246
2247
2248Debugging modules
2249=================
2250As modules are dynamically loaded into the kernel their address can be
2251anywhere to get around this use the -m option with insmod to emit a load
2252map which can be piped into a file if required.
2253
2254The proc file system
2255====================
2256What is it ?.
2257It is a filesystem created by the kernel with files which are created on demand
2258by the kernel if read, or can be used to modify kernel parameters,
2259it is a powerful concept.
2260
2261e.g.
2262
2263cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2264On my machine outputs
22650
2266telling me ip_forwarding is not on to switch it on I can do
2267echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2268cat it again
2269cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2270On my machine now outputs
22711
2272IP forwarding is on.
2273There is a lot of useful info in here best found by going in & having a look around,
2274so I'll take you through some entries I consider important.
2275
2276All the processes running on the machine have there own entry defined by
2277/proc/<pid>
2278So lets have a look at the init process
2279cd /proc/1
2280
2281cat cmdline
2282emits
2283init [2]
2284
2285cd /proc/1/fd
2286This contains numerical entries of all the open files,
2287some of these you can cat e.g. stdout (2)
2288
2289cat /proc/29/maps
2290on my machine emits
2291
229200400000-00478000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 4103 /bin/bash
229300478000-0047e000 rw-p 00077000 5f:00 4103 /bin/bash
22940047e000-00492000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
229540000000-40015000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14382 /lib/ld-2.1.2.so
229640015000-40016000 rw-p 00014000 5f:00 14382 /lib/ld-2.1.2.so
229740016000-40017000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
229840017000-40018000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
229940018000-4001b000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14435 /lib/libtermcap.so.2.0.8
23004001b000-4001c000 rw-p 00002000 5f:00 14435 /lib/libtermcap.so.2.0.8
23014001c000-4010d000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14387 /lib/libc-2.1.2.so
23024010d000-40111000 rw-p 000f0000 5f:00 14387 /lib/libc-2.1.2.so
230340111000-40114000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
230440114000-4011e000 r-xp 00000000 5f:00 14408 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.2.so
23054011e000-4011f000 rw-p 00009000 5f:00 14408 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.2.so
23067fffd000-80000000 rwxp ffffe000 00:00 0
2307
2308
2309Showing us the shared libraries init uses where they are in memory
2310& memory access permissions for each virtual memory area.
2311
2312/proc/1/cwd is a softlink to the current working directory.
2313/proc/1/root is the root of the filesystem for this process.
2314
2315/proc/1/mem is the current running processes memory which you
2316can read & write to like a file.
2317strace uses this sometimes as it is a bit faster than the
2318rather inefficient ptrace interface for peeking at DATA.
2319
2320
2321cat status
2322
2323Name: init
2324State: S (sleeping)
2325Pid: 1
2326PPid: 0
2327Uid: 0 0 0 0
2328Gid: 0 0 0 0
2329Groups:
2330VmSize: 408 kB
2331VmLck: 0 kB
2332VmRSS: 208 kB
2333VmData: 24 kB
2334VmStk: 8 kB
2335VmExe: 368 kB
2336VmLib: 0 kB
2337SigPnd: 0000000000000000
2338SigBlk: 0000000000000000
2339SigIgn: 7fffffffd7f0d8fc
2340SigCgt: 00000000280b2603
2341CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
2342CapPrm: 00000000ffffffff
2343CapEff: 00000000fffffeff
2344
2345User PSW: 070de000 80414146
2346task: 004b6000 tss: 004b62d8 ksp: 004b7ca8 pt_regs: 004b7f68
2347User GPRS:
234800000400 00000000 0000000b 7ffffa90
234900000000 00000000 00000000 0045d9f4
23500045cafc 7ffffa90 7fffff18 0045cb08
235100010400 804039e8 80403af8 7ffff8b0
2352User ACRS:
235300000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
235400000001 00000000 00000000 00000000
235500000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
235600000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
2357Kernel BackChain CallChain BackChain CallChain
2358       004b7ca8 8002bd0c 004b7d18 8002b92c
2359       004b7db8 8005cd50 004b7e38 8005d12a
2360       004b7f08 80019114
2361Showing among other things memory usage & status of some signals &
2362the processes'es registers from the kernel task_structure
2363as well as a backchain which may be useful if a process crashes
2364in the kernel for some unknown reason.
2365
2366Some driver debugging techniques
2367================================
2368debug feature
2369-------------
2370Some of our drivers now support a "debug feature" in
2371/proc/s390dbf see s390dbf.txt in the linux/Documentation directory
2372for more info.
2373e.g.
2374to switch on the lcs "debug feature"
2375echo 5 > /proc/s390dbf/lcs/level
2376& then after the error occurred.
2377cat /proc/s390dbf/lcs/sprintf >/logfile
2378the logfile now contains some information which may help
2379tech support resolve a problem in the field.
2380
2381
2382
2383high level debugging network drivers
2384------------------------------------
2385ifconfig is a quite useful command
2386it gives the current state of network drivers.
2387
2388If you suspect your network device driver is dead
2389one way to check is type
2390ifconfig <network device>
2391e.g. tr0
2392You should see something like
2393tr0 Link encap:16/4 Mbps Token Ring (New) HWaddr 00:04:AC:20:8E:48
2394          inet addr:9.164.185.132 Bcast:9.164.191.255 Mask:255.255.224.0
2395          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:2000 Metric:1
2396          RX packets:246134 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
2397          TX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
2398          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
2399
2400if the device doesn't say up
2401try
2402/etc/rc.d/init.d/network start
2403( this starts the network stack & hopefully calls ifconfig tr0 up ).
2404ifconfig looks at the output of /proc/net/dev & presents it in a more presentable form
2405Now ping the device from a machine in the same subnet.
2406if the RX packets count & TX packets counts don't increment you probably
2407have problems.
2408next
2409cat /proc/net/arp
2410Do you see any hardware addresses in the cache if not you may have problems.
2411Next try
2412ping -c 5 <broadcast_addr> i.e. the Bcast field above in the output of
2413ifconfig. Do you see any replies from machines other than the local machine
2414if not you may have problems. also if the TX packets count in ifconfig
2415hasn't incremented either you have serious problems in your driver
2416(e.g. the txbusy field of the network device being stuck on )
2417or you may have multiple network devices connected.
2418
2419
2420chandev
2421-------
2422There is a new device layer for channel devices, some
2423drivers e.g. lcs are registered with this layer.
2424If the device uses the channel device layer you'll be
2425able to find what interrupts it uses & the current state
2426of the device.
2427See the manpage chandev.8 &type cat /proc/chandev for more info.
2428
2429
2430
2431Starting points for debugging scripting languages etc.
2432======================================================
2433
2434bash/sh
2435
2436bash -x <scriptname>
2437e.g. bash -x /usr/bin/bashbug
2438displays the following lines as it executes them.
2439+ MACHINE=i586
2440+ OS=linux-gnu
2441+ CC=gcc
2442+ CFLAGS= -DPROGRAM='bash' -DHOSTTYPE='i586' -DOSTYPE='linux-gnu' -DMACHTYPE='i586-pc-linux-gnu' -DSHELL -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I./lib -O2 -pipe
2443+ RELEASE=2.01
2444+ PATCHLEVEL=1
2445+ RELSTATUS=release
2446+ MACHTYPE=i586-pc-linux-gnu
2447
2448perl -d <scriptname> runs the perlscript in a fully interactive debugger
2449<like gdb>.
2450Type 'h' in the debugger for help.
2451
2452for debugging java type
2453jdb <filename> another fully interactive gdb style debugger.
2454& type ? in the debugger for help.
2455
2456
2457
2458Dumptool & Lcrash ( lkcd )
2459==========================
2460Michael Holzheu & others here at IBM have a fairly mature port of
2461SGI's lcrash tool which allows one to look at kernel structures in a
2462running kernel.
2463
2464It also complements a tool called dumptool which dumps all the kernel's
2465memory pages & registers to either a tape or a disk.
2466This can be used by tech support or an ambitious end user do
2467post mortem debugging of a machine like gdb core dumps.
2468
2469Going into how to use this tool in detail will be explained
2470in other documentation supplied by IBM with the patches & the
2471lcrash homepage http://oss.sgi.com/projects/lkcd/ & the lcrash manpage.
2472
2473How they work
2474-------------
2475Lcrash is a perfectly normal program,however, it requires 2
2476additional files, Kerntypes which is built using a patch to the
2477linux kernel sources in the linux root directory & the System.map.
2478
2479Kerntypes is an objectfile whose sole purpose in life
2480is to provide stabs debug info to lcrash, to do this
2481Kerntypes is built from kerntypes.c which just includes the most commonly
2482referenced header files used when debugging, lcrash can then read the
2483.stabs section of this file.
2484
2485Debugging a live system it uses /dev/mem
2486alternatively for post mortem debugging it uses the data
2487collected by dumptool.
2488
2489
2490
2491SysRq
2492=====
2493This is now supported by linux for s/390 & z/Architecture.
2494To enable it do compile the kernel with
2495Kernel Hacking -> Magic SysRq Key Enabled
2496echo "1" > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
2497also type
2498echo "8" >/proc/sys/kernel/printk
2499To make printk output go to console.
2500On 390 all commands are prefixed with
2501^-
2502e.g.
2503^-t will show tasks.
2504^-? or some unknown command will display help.
2505The sysrq key reading is very picky ( I have to type the keys in an
2506 xterm session & paste them into the x3270 console )
2507& it may be wise to predefine the keys as described in the VM hints above
2508
2509This is particularly useful for syncing disks unmounting & rebooting
2510if the machine gets partially hung.
2511
2512Read Documentation/sysrq.txt for more info
2513
2514References:
2515===========
2516Enterprise Systems Architecture Reference Summary
2517Enterprise Systems Architecture Principles of Operation
2518Hartmut Penners s390 stack frame sheet.
2519IBM Mainframe Channel Attachment a technology brief from a CISCO webpage
2520Various bits of man & info pages of Linux.
2521Linux & GDB source.
2522Various info & man pages.
2523CMS Help on tracing commands.
2524Linux for s/390 Elf Application Binary Interface
2525Linux for z/Series Elf Application Binary Interface ( Both Highly Recommended )
2526z/Architecture Principles of Operation SA22-7832-00
2527Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Reference Summary SA22-7209-01 & the
2528Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation SA22-7201-05
2529
2530Special Thanks
2531==============
2532Special thanks to Neale Ferguson who maintains a much
2533prettier HTML version of this page at
2534http://penguinvm.princeton.edu/notes.html#Debug390
2535Bob Grainger Stefan Bader & others for reporting bugs
2536

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