Root/Documentation/pinctrl.txt

1PINCTRL (PIN CONTROL) subsystem
2This document outlines the pin control subsystem in Linux
3
4This subsystem deals with:
5
6- Enumerating and naming controllable pins
7
8- Multiplexing of pins, pads, fingers (etc) see below for details
9
10- Configuration of pins, pads, fingers (etc), such as software-controlled
11  biasing and driving mode specific pins, such as pull-up/down, open drain,
12  load capacitance etc.
13
14Top-level interface
15===================
16
17Definition of PIN CONTROLLER:
18
19- A pin controller is a piece of hardware, usually a set of registers, that
20  can control PINs. It may be able to multiplex, bias, set load capacitance,
21  set drive strength etc for individual pins or groups of pins.
22
23Definition of PIN:
24
25- PINS are equal to pads, fingers, balls or whatever packaging input or
26  output line you want to control and these are denoted by unsigned integers
27  in the range 0..maxpin. This numberspace is local to each PIN CONTROLLER, so
28  there may be several such number spaces in a system. This pin space may
29  be sparse - i.e. there may be gaps in the space with numbers where no
30  pin exists.
31
32When a PIN CONTROLLER is instantiated, it will register a descriptor to the
33pin control framework, and this descriptor contains an array of pin descriptors
34describing the pins handled by this specific pin controller.
35
36Here is an example of a PGA (Pin Grid Array) chip seen from underneath:
37
38        A B C D E F G H
39
40   8 o o o o o o o o
41
42   7 o o o o o o o o
43
44   6 o o o o o o o o
45
46   5 o o o o o o o o
47
48   4 o o o o o o o o
49
50   3 o o o o o o o o
51
52   2 o o o o o o o o
53
54   1 o o o o o o o o
55
56To register a pin controller and name all the pins on this package we can do
57this in our driver:
58
59#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
60
61const struct pinctrl_pin_desc foo_pins[] = {
62      PINCTRL_PIN(0, "A8"),
63      PINCTRL_PIN(1, "B8"),
64      PINCTRL_PIN(2, "C8"),
65      ...
66      PINCTRL_PIN(61, "F1"),
67      PINCTRL_PIN(62, "G1"),
68      PINCTRL_PIN(63, "H1"),
69};
70
71static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
72    .name = "foo",
73    .pins = foo_pins,
74    .npins = ARRAY_SIZE(foo_pins),
75    .maxpin = 63,
76    .owner = THIS_MODULE,
77};
78
79int __init foo_probe(void)
80{
81    struct pinctrl_dev *pctl;
82
83    pctl = pinctrl_register(&foo_desc, <PARENT>, NULL);
84    if (IS_ERR(pctl))
85        pr_err("could not register foo pin driver\n");
86}
87
88To enable the pinctrl subsystem and the subgroups for PINMUX and PINCONF and
89selected drivers, you need to select them from your machine's Kconfig entry,
90since these are so tightly integrated with the machines they are used on.
91See for example arch/arm/mach-u300/Kconfig for an example.
92
93Pins usually have fancier names than this. You can find these in the dataheet
94for your chip. Notice that the core pinctrl.h file provides a fancy macro
95called PINCTRL_PIN() to create the struct entries. As you can see I enumerated
96the pins from 0 in the upper left corner to 63 in the lower right corner.
97This enumeration was arbitrarily chosen, in practice you need to think
98through your numbering system so that it matches the layout of registers
99and such things in your driver, or the code may become complicated. You must
100also consider matching of offsets to the GPIO ranges that may be handled by
101the pin controller.
102
103For a padring with 467 pads, as opposed to actual pins, I used an enumeration
104like this, walking around the edge of the chip, which seems to be industry
105standard too (all these pads had names, too):
106
107
108     0 ..... 104
109   466 105
110     . .
111     . .
112   358 224
113    357 .... 225
114
115
116Pin groups
117==========
118
119Many controllers need to deal with groups of pins, so the pin controller
120subsystem has a mechanism for enumerating groups of pins and retrieving the
121actual enumerated pins that are part of a certain group.
122
123For example, say that we have a group of pins dealing with an SPI interface
124on { 0, 8, 16, 24 }, and a group of pins dealing with an I2C interface on pins
125on { 24, 25 }.
126
127These two groups are presented to the pin control subsystem by implementing
128some generic pinctrl_ops like this:
129
130#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
131
132struct foo_group {
133    const char *name;
134    const unsigned int *pins;
135    const unsigned num_pins;
136};
137
138static const unsigned int spi0_pins[] = { 0, 8, 16, 24 };
139static const unsigned int i2c0_pins[] = { 24, 25 };
140
141static const struct foo_group foo_groups[] = {
142    {
143        .name = "spi0_grp",
144        .pins = spi0_pins,
145        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_pins),
146    },
147    {
148        .name = "i2c0_grp",
149        .pins = i2c0_pins,
150        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_pins),
151    },
152};
153
154
155static int foo_get_groups_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
156{
157    return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_groups);
158}
159
160static const char *foo_get_group_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
161                       unsigned selector)
162{
163    return foo_groups[selector].name;
164}
165
166static int foo_get_group_pins(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
167                   unsigned ** const pins,
168                   unsigned * const num_pins)
169{
170    *pins = (unsigned *) foo_groups[selector].pins;
171    *num_pins = foo_groups[selector].num_pins;
172    return 0;
173}
174
175static struct pinctrl_ops foo_pctrl_ops = {
176    .get_groups_count = foo_get_groups_count,
177    .get_group_name = foo_get_group_name,
178    .get_group_pins = foo_get_group_pins,
179};
180
181
182static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
183       ...
184       .pctlops = &foo_pctrl_ops,
185};
186
187The pin control subsystem will call the .get_groups_count() function to
188determine total number of legal selectors, then it will call the other functions
189to retrieve the name and pins of the group. Maintaining the data structure of
190the groups is up to the driver, this is just a simple example - in practice you
191may need more entries in your group structure, for example specific register
192ranges associated with each group and so on.
193
194
195Pin configuration
196=================
197
198Pins can sometimes be software-configured in an various ways, mostly related
199to their electronic properties when used as inputs or outputs. For example you
200may be able to make an output pin high impedance, or "tristate" meaning it is
201effectively disconnected. You may be able to connect an input pin to VDD or GND
202using a certain resistor value - pull up and pull down - so that the pin has a
203stable value when nothing is driving the rail it is connected to, or when it's
204unconnected.
205
206Pin configuration can be programmed by adding configuration entries into the
207mapping table; see section "Board/machine configuration" below.
208
209The format and meaning of the configuration parameter, PLATFORM_X_PULL_UP
210above, is entirely defined by the pin controller driver.
211
212The pin configuration driver implements callbacks for changing pin
213configuration in the pin controller ops like this:
214
215#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
216#include <linux/pinctrl/pinconf.h>
217#include "platform_x_pindefs.h"
218
219static int foo_pin_config_get(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
220            unsigned offset,
221            unsigned long *config)
222{
223    struct my_conftype conf;
224
225    ... Find setting for pin @ offset ...
226
227    *config = (unsigned long) conf;
228}
229
230static int foo_pin_config_set(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
231            unsigned offset,
232            unsigned long config)
233{
234    struct my_conftype *conf = (struct my_conftype *) config;
235
236    switch (conf) {
237        case PLATFORM_X_PULL_UP:
238        ...
239        }
240    }
241}
242
243static int foo_pin_config_group_get (struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
244            unsigned selector,
245            unsigned long *config)
246{
247    ...
248}
249
250static int foo_pin_config_group_set (struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
251            unsigned selector,
252            unsigned long config)
253{
254    ...
255}
256
257static struct pinconf_ops foo_pconf_ops = {
258    .pin_config_get = foo_pin_config_get,
259    .pin_config_set = foo_pin_config_set,
260    .pin_config_group_get = foo_pin_config_group_get,
261    .pin_config_group_set = foo_pin_config_group_set,
262};
263
264/* Pin config operations are handled by some pin controller */
265static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
266    ...
267    .confops = &foo_pconf_ops,
268};
269
270Since some controllers have special logic for handling entire groups of pins
271they can exploit the special whole-group pin control function. The
272pin_config_group_set() callback is allowed to return the error code -EAGAIN,
273for groups it does not want to handle, or if it just wants to do some
274group-level handling and then fall through to iterate over all pins, in which
275case each individual pin will be treated by separate pin_config_set() calls as
276well.
277
278
279Interaction with the GPIO subsystem
280===================================
281
282The GPIO drivers may want to perform operations of various types on the same
283physical pins that are also registered as pin controller pins.
284
285First and foremost, the two subsystems can be used as completely orthogonal,
286see the section named "pin control requests from drivers" and
287"drivers needing both pin control and GPIOs" below for details. But in some
288situations a cross-subsystem mapping between pins and GPIOs is needed.
289
290Since the pin controller subsystem have its pinspace local to the pin
291controller we need a mapping so that the pin control subsystem can figure out
292which pin controller handles control of a certain GPIO pin. Since a single
293pin controller may be muxing several GPIO ranges (typically SoCs that have
294one set of pins but internally several GPIO silicon blocks, each modelled as
295a struct gpio_chip) any number of GPIO ranges can be added to a pin controller
296instance like this:
297
298struct gpio_chip chip_a;
299struct gpio_chip chip_b;
300
301static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range_a = {
302    .name = "chip a",
303    .id = 0,
304    .base = 32,
305    .pin_base = 32,
306    .npins = 16,
307    .gc = &chip_a;
308};
309
310static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range_b = {
311    .name = "chip b",
312    .id = 0,
313    .base = 48,
314    .pin_base = 64,
315    .npins = 8,
316    .gc = &chip_b;
317};
318
319{
320    struct pinctrl_dev *pctl;
321    ...
322    pinctrl_add_gpio_range(pctl, &gpio_range_a);
323    pinctrl_add_gpio_range(pctl, &gpio_range_b);
324}
325
326So this complex system has one pin controller handling two different
327GPIO chips. "chip a" has 16 pins and "chip b" has 8 pins. The "chip a" and
328"chip b" have different .pin_base, which means a start pin number of the
329GPIO range.
330
331The GPIO range of "chip a" starts from the GPIO base of 32 and actual
332pin range also starts from 32. However "chip b" has different starting
333offset for the GPIO range and pin range. The GPIO range of "chip b" starts
334from GPIO number 48, while the pin range of "chip b" starts from 64.
335
336We can convert a gpio number to actual pin number using this "pin_base".
337They are mapped in the global GPIO pin space at:
338
339chip a:
340 - GPIO range : [32 .. 47]
341 - pin range : [32 .. 47]
342chip b:
343 - GPIO range : [48 .. 55]
344 - pin range : [64 .. 71]
345
346The above examples assume the mapping between the GPIOs and pins is
347linear. If the mapping is sparse or haphazard, an array of arbitrary pin
348numbers can be encoded in the range like this:
349
350static const unsigned range_pins[] = { 14, 1, 22, 17, 10, 8, 6, 2 };
351
352static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range = {
353    .name = "chip",
354    .id = 0,
355    .base = 32,
356    .pins = &range_pins,
357    .npins = ARRAY_SIZE(range_pins),
358    .gc = &chip;
359};
360
361In this case the pin_base property will be ignored.
362
363When GPIO-specific functions in the pin control subsystem are called, these
364ranges will be used to look up the appropriate pin controller by inspecting
365and matching the pin to the pin ranges across all controllers. When a
366pin controller handling the matching range is found, GPIO-specific functions
367will be called on that specific pin controller.
368
369For all functionalities dealing with pin biasing, pin muxing etc, the pin
370controller subsystem will look up the corresponding pin number from the passed
371in gpio number, and use the range's internals to retrive a pin number. After
372that, the subsystem passes it on to the pin control driver, so the driver
373will get an pin number into its handled number range. Further it is also passed
374the range ID value, so that the pin controller knows which range it should
375deal with.
376
377Calling pinctrl_add_gpio_range from pinctrl driver is DEPRECATED. Please see
378section 2.1 of Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt on how to bind
379pinctrl and gpio drivers.
380
381
382PINMUX interfaces
383=================
384
385These calls use the pinmux_* naming prefix. No other calls should use that
386prefix.
387
388
389What is pinmuxing?
390==================
391
392PINMUX, also known as padmux, ballmux, alternate functions or mission modes
393is a way for chip vendors producing some kind of electrical packages to use
394a certain physical pin (ball, pad, finger, etc) for multiple mutually exclusive
395functions, depending on the application. By "application" in this context
396we usually mean a way of soldering or wiring the package into an electronic
397system, even though the framework makes it possible to also change the function
398at runtime.
399
400Here is an example of a PGA (Pin Grid Array) chip seen from underneath:
401
402        A B C D E F G H
403      +---+
404   8 | o | o o o o o o o
405      | |
406   7 | o | o o o o o o o
407      | |
408   6 | o | o o o o o o o
409      +---+---+
410   5 | o | o | o o o o o o
411      +---+---+ +---+
412   4 o o o o o o | o | o
413                              | |
414   3 o o o o o o | o | o
415                              | |
416   2 o o o o o o | o | o
417      +-------+-------+-------+---+---+
418   1 | o o | o o | o o | o | o |
419      +-------+-------+-------+---+---+
420
421This is not tetris. The game to think of is chess. Not all PGA/BGA packages
422are chessboard-like, big ones have "holes" in some arrangement according to
423different design patterns, but we're using this as a simple example. Of the
424pins you see some will be taken by things like a few VCC and GND to feed power
425to the chip, and quite a few will be taken by large ports like an external
426memory interface. The remaining pins will often be subject to pin multiplexing.
427
428The example 8x8 PGA package above will have pin numbers 0 thru 63 assigned to
429its physical pins. It will name the pins { A1, A2, A3 ... H6, H7, H8 } using
430pinctrl_register_pins() and a suitable data set as shown earlier.
431
432In this 8x8 BGA package the pins { A8, A7, A6, A5 } can be used as an SPI port
433(these are four pins: CLK, RXD, TXD, FRM). In that case, pin B5 can be used as
434some general-purpose GPIO pin. However, in another setting, pins { A5, B5 } can
435be used as an I2C port (these are just two pins: SCL, SDA). Needless to say,
436we cannot use the SPI port and I2C port at the same time. However in the inside
437of the package the silicon performing the SPI logic can alternatively be routed
438out on pins { G4, G3, G2, G1 }.
439
440On the botton row at { A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1, G1, H1 } we have something
441special - it's an external MMC bus that can be 2, 4 or 8 bits wide, and it will
442consume 2, 4 or 8 pins respectively, so either { A1, B1 } are taken or
443{ A1, B1, C1, D1 } or all of them. If we use all 8 bits, we cannot use the SPI
444port on pins { G4, G3, G2, G1 } of course.
445
446This way the silicon blocks present inside the chip can be multiplexed "muxed"
447out on different pin ranges. Often contemporary SoC (systems on chip) will
448contain several I2C, SPI, SDIO/MMC, etc silicon blocks that can be routed to
449different pins by pinmux settings.
450
451Since general-purpose I/O pins (GPIO) are typically always in shortage, it is
452common to be able to use almost any pin as a GPIO pin if it is not currently
453in use by some other I/O port.
454
455
456Pinmux conventions
457==================
458
459The purpose of the pinmux functionality in the pin controller subsystem is to
460abstract and provide pinmux settings to the devices you choose to instantiate
461in your machine configuration. It is inspired by the clk, GPIO and regulator
462subsystems, so devices will request their mux setting, but it's also possible
463to request a single pin for e.g. GPIO.
464
465Definitions:
466
467- FUNCTIONS can be switched in and out by a driver residing with the pin
468  control subsystem in the drivers/pinctrl/* directory of the kernel. The
469  pin control driver knows the possible functions. In the example above you can
470  identify three pinmux functions, one for spi, one for i2c and one for mmc.
471
472- FUNCTIONS are assumed to be enumerable from zero in a one-dimensional array.
473  In this case the array could be something like: { spi0, i2c0, mmc0 }
474  for the three available functions.
475
476- FUNCTIONS have PIN GROUPS as defined on the generic level - so a certain
477  function is *always* associated with a certain set of pin groups, could
478  be just a single one, but could also be many. In the example above the
479  function i2c is associated with the pins { A5, B5 }, enumerated as
480  { 24, 25 } in the controller pin space.
481
482  The Function spi is associated with pin groups { A8, A7, A6, A5 }
483  and { G4, G3, G2, G1 }, which are enumerated as { 0, 8, 16, 24 } and
484  { 38, 46, 54, 62 } respectively.
485
486  Group names must be unique per pin controller, no two groups on the same
487  controller may have the same name.
488
489- The combination of a FUNCTION and a PIN GROUP determine a certain function
490  for a certain set of pins. The knowledge of the functions and pin groups
491  and their machine-specific particulars are kept inside the pinmux driver,
492  from the outside only the enumerators are known, and the driver core can:
493
494  - Request the name of a function with a certain selector (>= 0)
495  - A list of groups associated with a certain function
496  - Request that a certain group in that list to be activated for a certain
497    function
498
499  As already described above, pin groups are in turn self-descriptive, so
500  the core will retrieve the actual pin range in a certain group from the
501  driver.
502
503- FUNCTIONS and GROUPS on a certain PIN CONTROLLER are MAPPED to a certain
504  device by the board file, device tree or similar machine setup configuration
505  mechanism, similar to how regulators are connected to devices, usually by
506  name. Defining a pin controller, function and group thus uniquely identify
507  the set of pins to be used by a certain device. (If only one possible group
508  of pins is available for the function, no group name need to be supplied -
509  the core will simply select the first and only group available.)
510
511  In the example case we can define that this particular machine shall
512  use device spi0 with pinmux function fspi0 group gspi0 and i2c0 on function
513  fi2c0 group gi2c0, on the primary pin controller, we get mappings
514  like these:
515
516  {
517    {"map-spi0", spi0, pinctrl0, fspi0, gspi0},
518    {"map-i2c0", i2c0, pinctrl0, fi2c0, gi2c0}
519  }
520
521  Every map must be assigned a state name, pin controller, device and
522  function. The group is not compulsory - if it is omitted the first group
523  presented by the driver as applicable for the function will be selected,
524  which is useful for simple cases.
525
526  It is possible to map several groups to the same combination of device,
527  pin controller and function. This is for cases where a certain function on
528  a certain pin controller may use different sets of pins in different
529  configurations.
530
531- PINS for a certain FUNCTION using a certain PIN GROUP on a certain
532  PIN CONTROLLER are provided on a first-come first-serve basis, so if some
533  other device mux setting or GPIO pin request has already taken your physical
534  pin, you will be denied the use of it. To get (activate) a new setting, the
535  old one has to be put (deactivated) first.
536
537Sometimes the documentation and hardware registers will be oriented around
538pads (or "fingers") rather than pins - these are the soldering surfaces on the
539silicon inside the package, and may or may not match the actual number of
540pins/balls underneath the capsule. Pick some enumeration that makes sense to
541you. Define enumerators only for the pins you can control if that makes sense.
542
543Assumptions:
544
545We assume that the number of possible function maps to pin groups is limited by
546the hardware. I.e. we assume that there is no system where any function can be
547mapped to any pin, like in a phone exchange. So the available pins groups for
548a certain function will be limited to a few choices (say up to eight or so),
549not hundreds or any amount of choices. This is the characteristic we have found
550by inspecting available pinmux hardware, and a necessary assumption since we
551expect pinmux drivers to present *all* possible function vs pin group mappings
552to the subsystem.
553
554
555Pinmux drivers
556==============
557
558The pinmux core takes care of preventing conflicts on pins and calling
559the pin controller driver to execute different settings.
560
561It is the responsibility of the pinmux driver to impose further restrictions
562(say for example infer electronic limitations due to load etc) to determine
563whether or not the requested function can actually be allowed, and in case it
564is possible to perform the requested mux setting, poke the hardware so that
565this happens.
566
567Pinmux drivers are required to supply a few callback functions, some are
568optional. Usually the enable() and disable() functions are implemented,
569writing values into some certain registers to activate a certain mux setting
570for a certain pin.
571
572A simple driver for the above example will work by setting bits 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
573into some register named MUX to select a certain function with a certain
574group of pins would work something like this:
575
576#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
577#include <linux/pinctrl/pinmux.h>
578
579struct foo_group {
580    const char *name;
581    const unsigned int *pins;
582    const unsigned num_pins;
583};
584
585static const unsigned spi0_0_pins[] = { 0, 8, 16, 24 };
586static const unsigned spi0_1_pins[] = { 38, 46, 54, 62 };
587static const unsigned i2c0_pins[] = { 24, 25 };
588static const unsigned mmc0_1_pins[] = { 56, 57 };
589static const unsigned mmc0_2_pins[] = { 58, 59 };
590static const unsigned mmc0_3_pins[] = { 60, 61, 62, 63 };
591
592static const struct foo_group foo_groups[] = {
593    {
594        .name = "spi0_0_grp",
595        .pins = spi0_0_pins,
596        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_0_pins),
597    },
598    {
599        .name = "spi0_1_grp",
600        .pins = spi0_1_pins,
601        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_1_pins),
602    },
603    {
604        .name = "i2c0_grp",
605        .pins = i2c0_pins,
606        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_pins),
607    },
608    {
609        .name = "mmc0_1_grp",
610        .pins = mmc0_1_pins,
611        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_1_pins),
612    },
613    {
614        .name = "mmc0_2_grp",
615        .pins = mmc0_2_pins,
616        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_2_pins),
617    },
618    {
619        .name = "mmc0_3_grp",
620        .pins = mmc0_3_pins,
621        .num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_3_pins),
622    },
623};
624
625
626static int foo_get_groups_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
627{
628    return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_groups);
629}
630
631static const char *foo_get_group_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
632                       unsigned selector)
633{
634    return foo_groups[selector].name;
635}
636
637static int foo_get_group_pins(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
638                   unsigned ** const pins,
639                   unsigned * const num_pins)
640{
641    *pins = (unsigned *) foo_groups[selector].pins;
642    *num_pins = foo_groups[selector].num_pins;
643    return 0;
644}
645
646static struct pinctrl_ops foo_pctrl_ops = {
647    .get_groups_count = foo_get_groups_count,
648    .get_group_name = foo_get_group_name,
649    .get_group_pins = foo_get_group_pins,
650};
651
652struct foo_pmx_func {
653    const char *name;
654    const char * const *groups;
655    const unsigned num_groups;
656};
657
658static const char * const spi0_groups[] = { "spi0_0_grp", "spi0_1_grp" };
659static const char * const i2c0_groups[] = { "i2c0_grp" };
660static const char * const mmc0_groups[] = { "mmc0_1_grp", "mmc0_2_grp",
661                    "mmc0_3_grp" };
662
663static const struct foo_pmx_func foo_functions[] = {
664    {
665        .name = "spi0",
666        .groups = spi0_groups,
667        .num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_groups),
668    },
669    {
670        .name = "i2c0",
671        .groups = i2c0_groups,
672        .num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_groups),
673    },
674    {
675        .name = "mmc0",
676        .groups = mmc0_groups,
677        .num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_groups),
678    },
679};
680
681int foo_get_functions_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
682{
683    return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_functions);
684}
685
686const char *foo_get_fname(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector)
687{
688    return foo_functions[selector].name;
689}
690
691static int foo_get_groups(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
692              const char * const **groups,
693              unsigned * const num_groups)
694{
695    *groups = foo_functions[selector].groups;
696    *num_groups = foo_functions[selector].num_groups;
697    return 0;
698}
699
700int foo_enable(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
701        unsigned group)
702{
703    u8 regbit = (1 << selector + group);
704
705    writeb((readb(MUX)|regbit), MUX)
706    return 0;
707}
708
709void foo_disable(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
710        unsigned group)
711{
712    u8 regbit = (1 << selector + group);
713
714    writeb((readb(MUX) & ~(regbit)), MUX)
715    return 0;
716}
717
718struct pinmux_ops foo_pmxops = {
719    .get_functions_count = foo_get_functions_count,
720    .get_function_name = foo_get_fname,
721    .get_function_groups = foo_get_groups,
722    .enable = foo_enable,
723    .disable = foo_disable,
724};
725
726/* Pinmux operations are handled by some pin controller */
727static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
728    ...
729    .pctlops = &foo_pctrl_ops,
730    .pmxops = &foo_pmxops,
731};
732
733In the example activating muxing 0 and 1 at the same time setting bits
7340 and 1, uses one pin in common so they would collide.
735
736The beauty of the pinmux subsystem is that since it keeps track of all
737pins and who is using them, it will already have denied an impossible
738request like that, so the driver does not need to worry about such
739things - when it gets a selector passed in, the pinmux subsystem makes
740sure no other device or GPIO assignment is already using the selected
741pins. Thus bits 0 and 1 in the control register will never be set at the
742same time.
743
744All the above functions are mandatory to implement for a pinmux driver.
745
746
747Pin control interaction with the GPIO subsystem
748===============================================
749
750Note that the following implies that the use case is to use a certain pin
751from the Linux kernel using the API in <linux/gpio.h> with gpio_request()
752and similar functions. There are cases where you may be using something
753that your datasheet calls "GPIO mode" but actually is just an electrical
754configuration for a certain device. See the section below named
755"GPIO mode pitfalls" for more details on this scenario.
756
757The public pinmux API contains two functions named pinctrl_request_gpio()
758and pinctrl_free_gpio(). These two functions shall *ONLY* be called from
759gpiolib-based drivers as part of their gpio_request() and
760gpio_free() semantics. Likewise the pinctrl_gpio_direction_[input|output]
761shall only be called from within respective gpio_direction_[input|output]
762gpiolib implementation.
763
764NOTE that platforms and individual drivers shall *NOT* request GPIO pins to be
765controlled e.g. muxed in. Instead, implement a proper gpiolib driver and have
766that driver request proper muxing and other control for its pins.
767
768The function list could become long, especially if you can convert every
769individual pin into a GPIO pin independent of any other pins, and then try
770the approach to define every pin as a function.
771
772In this case, the function array would become 64 entries for each GPIO
773setting and then the device functions.
774
775For this reason there are two functions a pin control driver can implement
776to enable only GPIO on an individual pin: .gpio_request_enable() and
777.gpio_disable_free().
778
779This function will pass in the affected GPIO range identified by the pin
780controller core, so you know which GPIO pins are being affected by the request
781operation.
782
783If your driver needs to have an indication from the framework of whether the
784GPIO pin shall be used for input or output you can implement the
785.gpio_set_direction() function. As described this shall be called from the
786gpiolib driver and the affected GPIO range, pin offset and desired direction
787will be passed along to this function.
788
789Alternatively to using these special functions, it is fully allowed to use
790named functions for each GPIO pin, the pinctrl_request_gpio() will attempt to
791obtain the function "gpioN" where "N" is the global GPIO pin number if no
792special GPIO-handler is registered.
793
794
795GPIO mode pitfalls
796==================
797
798Sometime the developer may be confused by a datasheet talking about a pin
799being possible to set into "GPIO mode". It appears that what hardware
800engineers mean with "GPIO mode" is not necessarily the use case that is
801implied in the kernel interface <linux/gpio.h>: a pin that you grab from
802kernel code and then either listen for input or drive high/low to
803assert/deassert some external line.
804
805Rather hardware engineers think that "GPIO mode" means that you can
806software-control a few electrical properties of the pin that you would
807not be able to control if the pin was in some other mode, such as muxed in
808for a device.
809
810Example: a pin is usually muxed in to be used as a UART TX line. But during
811system sleep, we need to put this pin into "GPIO mode" and ground it.
812
813If you make a 1-to-1 map to the GPIO subsystem for this pin, you may start
814to think that you need to come up with something real complex, that the
815pin shall be used for UART TX and GPIO at the same time, that you will grab
816a pin control handle and set it to a certain state to enable UART TX to be
817muxed in, then twist it over to GPIO mode and use gpio_direction_output()
818to drive it low during sleep, then mux it over to UART TX again when you
819wake up and maybe even gpio_request/gpio_free as part of this cycle. This
820all gets very complicated.
821
822The solution is to not think that what the datasheet calls "GPIO mode"
823has to be handled by the <linux/gpio.h> interface. Instead view this as
824a certain pin config setting. Look in e.g. <linux/pinctrl/pinconf-generic.h>
825and you find this in the documentation:
826
827  PIN_CONFIG_OUTPUT: this will configure the pin in output, use argument
828     1 to indicate high level, argument 0 to indicate low level.
829
830So it is perfectly possible to push a pin into "GPIO mode" and drive the
831line low as part of the usual pin control map. So for example your UART
832driver may look like this:
833
834#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
835
836struct pinctrl *pinctrl;
837struct pinctrl_state *pins_default;
838struct pinctrl_state *pins_sleep;
839
840pins_default = pinctrl_lookup_state(uap->pinctrl, PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT);
841pins_sleep = pinctrl_lookup_state(uap->pinctrl, PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP);
842
843/* Normal mode */
844retval = pinctrl_select_state(pinctrl, pins_default);
845/* Sleep mode */
846retval = pinctrl_select_state(pinctrl, pins_sleep);
847
848And your machine configuration may look like this:
849--------------------------------------------------
850
851static unsigned long uart_default_mode[] = {
852    PIN_CONF_PACKED(PIN_CONFIG_DRIVE_PUSH_PULL, 0),
853};
854
855static unsigned long uart_sleep_mode[] = {
856    PIN_CONF_PACKED(PIN_CONFIG_OUTPUT, 0),
857};
858
859static struct pinctrl_map __initdata pinmap[] = {
860    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo",
861                      "u0_group", "u0"),
862    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo",
863                        "UART_TX_PIN", uart_default_mode),
864    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP, "pinctrl-foo",
865                      "u0_group", "gpio-mode"),
866    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP, "pinctrl-foo",
867                        "UART_TX_PIN", uart_sleep_mode),
868};
869
870foo_init(void) {
871    pinctrl_register_mappings(pinmap, ARRAY_SIZE(pinmap));
872}
873
874Here the pins we want to control are in the "u0_group" and there is some
875function called "u0" that can be enabled on this group of pins, and then
876everything is UART business as usual. But there is also some function
877named "gpio-mode" that can be mapped onto the same pins to move them into
878GPIO mode.
879
880This will give the desired effect without any bogus interaction with the
881GPIO subsystem. It is just an electrical configuration used by that device
882when going to sleep, it might imply that the pin is set into something the
883datasheet calls "GPIO mode" but that is not the point: it is still used
884by that UART device to control the pins that pertain to that very UART
885driver, putting them into modes needed by the UART. GPIO in the Linux
886kernel sense are just some 1-bit line, and is a different use case.
887
888How the registers are poked to attain the push/pull and output low
889configuration and the muxing of the "u0" or "gpio-mode" group onto these
890pins is a question for the driver.
891
892Some datasheets will be more helpful and refer to the "GPIO mode" as
893"low power mode" rather than anything to do with GPIO. This often means
894the same thing electrically speaking, but in this latter case the
895software engineers will usually quickly identify that this is some
896specific muxing/configuration rather than anything related to the GPIO
897API.
898
899
900Board/machine configuration
901==================================
902
903Boards and machines define how a certain complete running system is put
904together, including how GPIOs and devices are muxed, how regulators are
905constrained and how the clock tree looks. Of course pinmux settings are also
906part of this.
907
908A pin controller configuration for a machine looks pretty much like a simple
909regulator configuration, so for the example array above we want to enable i2c
910and spi on the second function mapping:
911
912#include <linux/pinctrl/machine.h>
913
914static const struct pinctrl_map mapping[] __initconst = {
915    {
916        .dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
917        .name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
918        .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
919        .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
920        .data.mux.function = "spi0",
921    },
922    {
923        .dev_name = "foo-i2c.0",
924        .name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
925        .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
926        .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
927        .data.mux.function = "i2c0",
928    },
929    {
930        .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
931        .name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
932        .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
933        .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
934        .data.mux.function = "mmc0",
935    },
936};
937
938The dev_name here matches to the unique device name that can be used to look
939up the device struct (just like with clockdev or regulators). The function name
940must match a function provided by the pinmux driver handling this pin range.
941
942As you can see we may have several pin controllers on the system and thus
943we need to specify which one of them that contain the functions we wish
944to map.
945
946You register this pinmux mapping to the pinmux subsystem by simply:
947
948       ret = pinctrl_register_mappings(mapping, ARRAY_SIZE(mapping));
949
950Since the above construct is pretty common there is a helper macro to make
951it even more compact which assumes you want to use pinctrl-foo and position
9520 for mapping, for example:
953
954static struct pinctrl_map __initdata mapping[] = {
955    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("foo-i2c.o", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", NULL, "i2c0"),
956};
957
958The mapping table may also contain pin configuration entries. It's common for
959each pin/group to have a number of configuration entries that affect it, so
960the table entries for configuration reference an array of config parameters
961and values. An example using the convenience macros is shown below:
962
963static unsigned long i2c_grp_configs[] = {
964    FOO_PIN_DRIVEN,
965    FOO_PIN_PULLUP,
966};
967
968static unsigned long i2c_pin_configs[] = {
969    FOO_OPEN_COLLECTOR,
970    FOO_SLEW_RATE_SLOW,
971};
972
973static struct pinctrl_map __initdata mapping[] = {
974    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0", "i2c0"),
975    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_GROUP("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0", i2c_grp_configs),
976    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0scl", i2c_pin_configs),
977    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0sda", i2c_pin_configs),
978};
979
980Finally, some devices expect the mapping table to contain certain specific
981named states. When running on hardware that doesn't need any pin controller
982configuration, the mapping table must still contain those named states, in
983order to explicitly indicate that the states were provided and intended to
984be empty. Table entry macro PIN_MAP_DUMMY_STATE serves the purpose of defining
985a named state without causing any pin controller to be programmed:
986
987static struct pinctrl_map __initdata mapping[] = {
988    PIN_MAP_DUMMY_STATE("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT),
989};
990
991
992Complex mappings
993================
994
995As it is possible to map a function to different groups of pins an optional
996.group can be specified like this:
997
998...
999{
1000    .dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
1001    .name = "spi0-pos-A",
1002    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1003    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1004    .function = "spi0",
1005    .group = "spi0_0_grp",
1006},
1007{
1008    .dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
1009    .name = "spi0-pos-B",
1010    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1011    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1012    .function = "spi0",
1013    .group = "spi0_1_grp",
1014},
1015...
1016
1017This example mapping is used to switch between two positions for spi0 at
1018runtime, as described further below under the heading "Runtime pinmuxing".
1019
1020Further it is possible for one named state to affect the muxing of several
1021groups of pins, say for example in the mmc0 example above, where you can
1022additively expand the mmc0 bus from 2 to 4 to 8 pins. If we want to use all
1023three groups for a total of 2+2+4 = 8 pins (for an 8-bit MMC bus as is the
1024case), we define a mapping like this:
1025
1026...
1027{
1028    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1029    .name = "2bit"
1030    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1031    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1032    .function = "mmc0",
1033    .group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1034},
1035{
1036    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1037    .name = "4bit"
1038    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1039    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1040    .function = "mmc0",
1041    .group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1042},
1043{
1044    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1045    .name = "4bit"
1046    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1047    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1048    .function = "mmc0",
1049    .group = "mmc0_2_grp",
1050},
1051{
1052    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1053    .name = "8bit"
1054    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1055    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1056    .function = "mmc0",
1057    .group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1058},
1059{
1060    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1061    .name = "8bit"
1062    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1063    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1064    .function = "mmc0",
1065    .group = "mmc0_2_grp",
1066},
1067{
1068    .dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1069    .name = "8bit"
1070    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1071    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1072    .function = "mmc0",
1073    .group = "mmc0_3_grp",
1074},
1075...
1076
1077The result of grabbing this mapping from the device with something like
1078this (see next paragraph):
1079
1080    p = devm_pinctrl_get(dev);
1081    s = pinctrl_lookup_state(p, "8bit");
1082    ret = pinctrl_select_state(p, s);
1083
1084or more simply:
1085
1086    p = devm_pinctrl_get_select(dev, "8bit");
1087
1088Will be that you activate all the three bottom records in the mapping at
1089once. Since they share the same name, pin controller device, function and
1090device, and since we allow multiple groups to match to a single device, they
1091all get selected, and they all get enabled and disable simultaneously by the
1092pinmux core.
1093
1094
1095Pin control requests from drivers
1096=================================
1097
1098When a device driver is about to probe the device core will automatically
1099attempt to issue pinctrl_get_select_default() on these devices.
1100This way driver writers do not need to add any of the boilerplate code
1101of the type found below. However when doing fine-grained state selection
1102and not using the "default" state, you may have to do some device driver
1103handling of the pinctrl handles and states.
1104
1105So if you just want to put the pins for a certain device into the default
1106state and be done with it, there is nothing you need to do besides
1107providing the proper mapping table. The device core will take care of
1108the rest.
1109
1110Generally it is discouraged to let individual drivers get and enable pin
1111control. So if possible, handle the pin control in platform code or some other
1112place where you have access to all the affected struct device * pointers. In
1113some cases where a driver needs to e.g. switch between different mux mappings
1114at runtime this is not possible.
1115
1116A typical case is if a driver needs to switch bias of pins from normal
1117operation and going to sleep, moving from the PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT to
1118PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP at runtime, re-biasing or even re-muxing pins to save
1119current in sleep mode.
1120
1121A driver may request a certain control state to be activated, usually just the
1122default state like this:
1123
1124#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1125
1126struct foo_state {
1127       struct pinctrl *p;
1128       struct pinctrl_state *s;
1129       ...
1130};
1131
1132foo_probe()
1133{
1134    /* Allocate a state holder named "foo" etc */
1135    struct foo_state *foo = ...;
1136
1137    foo->p = devm_pinctrl_get(&device);
1138    if (IS_ERR(foo->p)) {
1139        /* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1140        return PTR_ERR(foo->p);
1141    }
1142
1143    foo->s = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT);
1144    if (IS_ERR(foo->s)) {
1145        /* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1146        return PTR_ERR(s);
1147    }
1148
1149    ret = pinctrl_select_state(foo->s);
1150    if (ret < 0) {
1151        /* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1152        return ret;
1153    }
1154}
1155
1156This get/lookup/select/put sequence can just as well be handled by bus drivers
1157if you don't want each and every driver to handle it and you know the
1158arrangement on your bus.
1159
1160The semantics of the pinctrl APIs are:
1161
1162- pinctrl_get() is called in process context to obtain a handle to all pinctrl
1163  information for a given client device. It will allocate a struct from the
1164  kernel memory to hold the pinmux state. All mapping table parsing or similar
1165  slow operations take place within this API.
1166
1167- devm_pinctrl_get() is a variant of pinctrl_get() that causes pinctrl_put()
1168  to be called automatically on the retrieved pointer when the associated
1169  device is removed. It is recommended to use this function over plain
1170  pinctrl_get().
1171
1172- pinctrl_lookup_state() is called in process context to obtain a handle to a
1173  specific state for a the client device. This operation may be slow too.
1174
1175- pinctrl_select_state() programs pin controller hardware according to the
1176  definition of the state as given by the mapping table. In theory this is a
1177  fast-path operation, since it only involved blasting some register settings
1178  into hardware. However, note that some pin controllers may have their
1179  registers on a slow/IRQ-based bus, so client devices should not assume they
1180  can call pinctrl_select_state() from non-blocking contexts.
1181
1182- pinctrl_put() frees all information associated with a pinctrl handle.
1183
1184- devm_pinctrl_put() is a variant of pinctrl_put() that may be used to
1185  explicitly destroy a pinctrl object returned by devm_pinctrl_get().
1186  However, use of this function will be rare, due to the automatic cleanup
1187  that will occur even without calling it.
1188
1189  pinctrl_get() must be paired with a plain pinctrl_put().
1190  pinctrl_get() may not be paired with devm_pinctrl_put().
1191  devm_pinctrl_get() can optionally be paired with devm_pinctrl_put().
1192  devm_pinctrl_get() may not be paired with plain pinctrl_put().
1193
1194Usually the pin control core handled the get/put pair and call out to the
1195device drivers bookkeeping operations, like checking available functions and
1196the associated pins, whereas the enable/disable pass on to the pin controller
1197driver which takes care of activating and/or deactivating the mux setting by
1198quickly poking some registers.
1199
1200The pins are allocated for your device when you issue the devm_pinctrl_get()
1201call, after this you should be able to see this in the debugfs listing of all
1202pins.
1203
1204NOTE: the pinctrl system will return -EPROBE_DEFER if it cannot find the
1205requested pinctrl handles, for example if the pinctrl driver has not yet
1206registered. Thus make sure that the error path in your driver gracefully
1207cleans up and is ready to retry the probing later in the startup process.
1208
1209
1210Drivers needing both pin control and GPIOs
1211==========================================
1212
1213Again, it is discouraged to let drivers lookup and select pin control states
1214themselves, but again sometimes this is unavoidable.
1215
1216So say that your driver is fetching its resources like this:
1217
1218#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1219#include <linux/gpio.h>
1220
1221struct pinctrl *pinctrl;
1222int gpio;
1223
1224pinctrl = devm_pinctrl_get_select_default(&dev);
1225gpio = devm_gpio_request(&dev, 14, "foo");
1226
1227Here we first request a certain pin state and then request GPIO 14 to be
1228used. If you're using the subsystems orthogonally like this, you should
1229nominally always get your pinctrl handle and select the desired pinctrl
1230state BEFORE requesting the GPIO. This is a semantic convention to avoid
1231situations that can be electrically unpleasant, you will certainly want to
1232mux in and bias pins in a certain way before the GPIO subsystems starts to
1233deal with them.
1234
1235The above can be hidden: using the device core, the pinctrl core may be
1236setting up the config and muxing for the pins right before the device is
1237probing, nevertheless orthogonal to the GPIO subsystem.
1238
1239But there are also situations where it makes sense for the GPIO subsystem
1240to communicate directly with the pinctrl subsystem, using the latter as a
1241back-end. This is when the GPIO driver may call out to the functions
1242described in the section "Pin control interaction with the GPIO subsystem"
1243above. This only involves per-pin multiplexing, and will be completely
1244hidden behind the gpio_*() function namespace. In this case, the driver
1245need not interact with the pin control subsystem at all.
1246
1247If a pin control driver and a GPIO driver is dealing with the same pins
1248and the use cases involve multiplexing, you MUST implement the pin controller
1249as a back-end for the GPIO driver like this, unless your hardware design
1250is such that the GPIO controller can override the pin controller's
1251multiplexing state through hardware without the need to interact with the
1252pin control system.
1253
1254
1255System pin control hogging
1256==========================
1257
1258Pin control map entries can be hogged by the core when the pin controller
1259is registered. This means that the core will attempt to call pinctrl_get(),
1260lookup_state() and select_state() on it immediately after the pin control
1261device has been registered.
1262
1263This occurs for mapping table entries where the client device name is equal
1264to the pin controller device name, and the state name is PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT.
1265
1266{
1267    .dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1268    .name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
1269    .type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1270    .ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1271    .function = "power_func",
1272},
1273
1274Since it may be common to request the core to hog a few always-applicable
1275mux settings on the primary pin controller, there is a convenience macro for
1276this:
1277
1278PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP_HOG_DEFAULT("pinctrl-foo", NULL /* group */, "power_func")
1279
1280This gives the exact same result as the above construction.
1281
1282
1283Runtime pinmuxing
1284=================
1285
1286It is possible to mux a certain function in and out at runtime, say to move
1287an SPI port from one set of pins to another set of pins. Say for example for
1288spi0 in the example above, we expose two different groups of pins for the same
1289function, but with different named in the mapping as described under
1290"Advanced mapping" above. So that for an SPI device, we have two states named
1291"pos-A" and "pos-B".
1292
1293This snippet first muxes the function in the pins defined by group A, enables
1294it, disables and releases it, and muxes it in on the pins defined by group B:
1295
1296#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1297
1298struct pinctrl *p;
1299struct pinctrl_state *s1, *s2;
1300
1301foo_probe()
1302{
1303    /* Setup */
1304    p = devm_pinctrl_get(&device);
1305    if (IS_ERR(p))
1306        ...
1307
1308    s1 = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, "pos-A");
1309    if (IS_ERR(s1))
1310        ...
1311
1312    s2 = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, "pos-B");
1313    if (IS_ERR(s2))
1314        ...
1315}
1316
1317foo_switch()
1318{
1319    /* Enable on position A */
1320    ret = pinctrl_select_state(s1);
1321    if (ret < 0)
1322        ...
1323
1324    ...
1325
1326    /* Enable on position B */
1327    ret = pinctrl_select_state(s2);
1328    if (ret < 0)
1329        ...
1330
1331    ...
1332}
1333
1334The above has to be done from process context. The reservation of the pins
1335will be done when the state is activated, so in effect one specific pin
1336can be used by different functions at different times on a running system.
1337

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